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Identification of the Stakeholders
Stakeholders play a significant role in the project implementation process. The case study on the LAMP-H project provided an overview of the types of stakeholders and their specific roles for project success. The project was specifically designed and implemented by the United States America Military to acquire high-speed boats for the management of security and ensure that the boats could transport staff and provision to the ships in the deep oceans (Sutterfield et al., 2006). The key stakeholders required to give their opinions on the project were the s sectional managers, financial executives, transportation, and watercraft R&D center. Each stakeholder’s opinions mattered in the project, which is why they were all involved in the process.
Analysis of Stakeholder Influence
Stakeholder analysis is an important process investigating stakeholders’ roles and how each can change the project’s outcome. The analysis helps the project manager to determine the interrelationships and how to make decisions that would impact the project positively. Based on the action of each of the stakeholders in the case study. The financial managers had a low potential for cooperation and a high potential for threat because they wanted to be happier with the projects. Functional managers wanted the transport facilities improved but needed to support the boats, and therefore they had low potential for threat and cooperation (Armenia et al., 2019). The transport managers are directly involved in the implementation of the project, and therefore they have the highest potential for threat and cooperation. The project manager must therefore engage them positively to get better outcomes. The involvement of the watercraft R&D is limited and has a low potential for threat and cooperation.
A Potential Threat
The potential threat in a project can be analyzed from different prongs, for example, when there is a delay in the funds, the project is negatively affected. The role of the financial department in the project is critical, and small negligence from the finance department will lead to massive failure in the project.
A Potential for Cooperation
The functional heads of the different departments made it possible to ensure that the staff had adequate information and cooperated well for the project implementation. The functional heads solicited funds to ensure the project was successful (de Oliveira & Rabechini Jr, 2019). It is imperative to note that even though the watercraft R&D failed to obtain and prepare accurate specifications, they were willing to make amendments and make things done.
A Strategy Adopted
One of the most effective tools the project manager can use is stakeholder analysis to ensure that all the implemented actions are in tandem with the stakeholders. The analysis was the key strategy because the real traits of all the project personnel were seen. Therefore it was possible to motivate the stakeholders who were not in support of the project implementation and ensure that they were part and parcel of the project implementation team (de Oliveira & Rabechini Jr, 2019). Analyzing the stakeholders is the best because tasks will be assigned based on their potential.
Changes in the Stakeholder Map
The changes in the LAPM-H project failed because the new positions formed needed to reflect the true potential for success. The designation of a new title Project Execution Officers, and assigning it to a person without the necessary experience was the prerequisite for the failure. Further, appointing a new project manager and making the present project manager deputy increased the conflict levels. The conflicts and constant delays in the business led to the absolute failure of the project. Influence analysis in the project made an important aspect of the discourse (Armenia et al., 2019). Each stakeholder has a role to play; when they do not perform better, the entire project will likely fail. The project manager’s role is to investigate the project’s key challenges and handle them effectively.
Conclusion
LAMP-H project involved numerous stakeholders whom all have a say in the completion of the project. All the stakeholders did not support the project, and it is the role of the project manager to make it possible to overcome the challenge. The main strategy that the project manager can use to ensure project success is to conduct stakeholder analysis and ensure that all the weaknesses and challenges of the project are understood and fixed. Finally, whenever a person goes through the stakeholder analysis, there is a high chance that the project will succeed because all challenges are understood and analyzed.

 

 

 

 

Reference
Armenia, S., Dangelico, R. M., Nonino, F., & Pompei, A. (2019). Sustainable project management: A conceptualization-oriented review and a framework proposal for future studies. Sustainability, 11(9), 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092664
de Oliveira, G. F., & Rabechini Jr, R. (2019). Stakeholder management influence on trust in a project: A quantitative study. International journal of project management, 37(1), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.11.001
Sutterfield, J. S., Friday-Stroud, S. S., & Shivers-Blackwell, S. L. (2006). A case study of the project and stakeholder management failures: lessons learned. Project Management Journal, 37(5), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/875697280603700504

 

 

Barriers and wayfinding are two important aspects to consider when designing and managing a campus such as the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM) campus. Design plays a crucial role in shaping how we experience public spaces, as it significantly impacts our perceptions, emotions, and behavior in these spaces. For example, design elements such as color, texture, and light can create different moods and emotions in public spaces, making them more inviting or unwelcoming. The arrangement of furniture and other physical elements, such as trees and plants, can affect how we navigate and interact with public spaces and impact our sense of safety, comfort, and privacy. Barriers refer to physical or perceived obstacles that hinder accessibility and movement within the campus, such as stairs, uneven pavement, or unclear signage (CCT384-Lecture 3 Notes., n.d.). These barriers can limit the accessibility of the campus for individuals with disabilities, elderly individuals, and those with mobility challenges. Wayfinding refers to the process of directing and guiding people through a physical environment, such as a campus (Yokabi. 2013). This includes providing clear and visible signage, mapping, and directional information, which helps people to navigate the campus efficiently and reach their destination. However, this paper addresses the common accessibility barriers and wayfinding elements at the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM) campus.
Accessibility Barriers
Communication Barriers
As evidenced in the map, the road linking the CCT Building and the library lacks ramps and elevators. That has the impact of limiting the accessibility of the building and other structures in the library, such as the direction leading to the toilet (CCT384-Lecture 3 Notes., n.d.). Besides, the lack of ramps and elevators can hinder mobility for people with sight problems or even challenges in movement (Yokabi. 2013). As a result, there needs to have a renovation to ensure every part is lit for every individual to find a way out to the library and toilets.
Moreover, the structure lacks assistive technologies such as audio descriptions for the visually impaired groups. For instance, the IB building to the mini building, which is linked to the DH building, should have assistive technology to ensure effectiveness and order in accessing the inner side of the structures (CCT384-Lecture 3 Notes., n.d.). Moreover, the doors linking to the mini building and the DH building lack assistive technologies, thus the challenge of understanding the way out to open the doors (Yokabi. 2013). For instance, an audio description can help visually impaired individuals understand how to open the doors. The designers could have included assistive audio technology such as ‘push’ or ‘pull’ to let individuals open the doors for themselves.
Architectural Barrier
The path linking the library, CCT building, and IB building is clear and well-structured. However, there is inadequate signage between the DH building and the parking lot (Iftikhar, Shah & Luximon, 2021). Besides, the parking lot has been made small such that it limits the playground from being assessable by a large group of individual teams (Yokabi. 2013). As such, the playground can be assumed to be made for campus students only. That could also limit diversity in talent exploitation among students.
Moreover, the parking facility is not well structured to favor individuals with disabilities. Therefore, it is important for the designers to include in all buildings suitable paths for people with disabilities for them to be in a position to venture through the routes and capture the detailed information and surfaces for people in wheelchairs (Arenghi et al., 2018). Further, there are no distinct routes for vehicles and pedestrians (Iftikhar, Shah & Luximon, 2021). Besides, the vehicle routes are not differentiated from the wheelchair routes from one building to the other and to the parking lot (Yokabi. 2013). Therefore, it is unclear which route a person should use when shifting from one building to the other. That has the impact of limiting physically challenged people from the movement (Fogli, Arenghi & Gentilin, 2020.). It can also result in different forms of stereotypes evident in many institutions. That also calls for recommendations for the improvement of the existing routes by either creating sidewalks or adjusting flow patterns to enhance the accessibility and efficiency of the routes from the parking lots leading to the toilets.
The design team should also implement the recording improvements and monitor results to ensure that the changes are effective and meet the needs of the university community (Arenghi et al., 2018). That is because the university should be a resource to the community as well as a liability to them. By (Nsissbaumer, 2012) ensuring that it meets the needs of the community, the university is likely to receive full support from the community and thus its growth. In this regard, the design team is accused of failing in their effectiveness (Fogli, Arenghi & Gentilin, 2020.). Also, the design team failed to identify any other obstacles along the routes. As such, it becomes difficult for people with locomotion problems and the physically challenged to walk around the compound. That then limits many students from finding their way out of life at the university. Further, it hinders many events from being hosted at the university (Nsissbaumer, 2012). Such leads to consequential losses in the university.
Attitudinal Barriers
The design team made very narrow routes limiting people with disabilities from using them. The team assumed that all individuals visiting the institution were healthy and physically fit (Arenghi et al., 2018). Such can be related to the belief that a person with a disability is inferior because they are rarely born (Nsissbaumer, 2012). Therefore, advocating for people with disability is like encouraging disabilities in society. The path leading to the toilet could have been structured to favor people with disability, for they must ever visit the institution.
Wayfinding Elements
As evident in the map, there are various wayfinding elements that can be derived. Although the buildings are well named from the outside, there is no technological assistant to guide the people while inside the buildings (CCT384-Lecture 2 Notes., n.d.). For example, the toilets lack directive manuals (Arenghi et al., 2018). Sexually challenged individuals can find it difficult for them to help themselves from the washrooms. Such has the impact of reflecting the highest degree of discrimination in the institution. Inclusivity accessibility is therefore limited (Nsissbaumer, 2012). Moreover, the arrows directing people from one building to another are well presented. However, they are made narrow to eliminate physically challenged individuals.
In conclusion, designing is a field that requires great attention in every institution. Lack of inclusivity accessibility has been widely practiced in UTM universities. There are no signposts to direct people from one point to another. Therefore, nonresident members are likely to find challenges when using the facility. The narrow routes limit physically challenged people from using the routes. The small parking lot limits the number of people holding events in the institution. Therefore, the facility lacks disability inclusivity.
References
CCT384-Lecture 3 Notes. (n.d.). Wayfinding in the Built Environment.
CCT384- Lecture 2 Notes. (n.d.). Barriers to Inclusion.
Yokabi. H. (2013). Understanding Barriers to Accessibility. Council of Ontario Universities.
Nsissbaumer, L. L. (2012). Inclusive design: A universal need. New York. Fairchulder.
Arenghi, A., Belometti, S., Brignoli, F., Fogli, D., Gentilin, F., & Plebani, N. (2018, November). Unibs4all: a mobile application for accessible wayfinding and navigation in an urban university campus. In Proceedings of the 4th EAI International Conference on Smart Objects and Technologies for Social Good (pp. 124-129).
Fogli, D., Arenghi, A., & Gentilin, F. (2020). A universal design approach to wayfinding and navigation. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79, 33577-33601.
Iftikhar, H., Shah, P., & Luximon, Y. (2021). Human wayfinding behavior and metrics in complex environments: a systematic literature review. Architectural Science Review, 64(5), 452-463.

Task
Your Response
Identify the circumstances in which paper claims continue to be used.
Paper claims continued to be applied in a variety of circumstances, including:
When providers are unable to submit claims electronically due to the lack of access to the necessary technology
When the provider is submitting to a payer who does not accept electronic claims
When the provider is submitting a claim for a complex treatment that requires additional documentation
When a provider submits a claim for services provided to a patient who resides in a remote area
When the provider submits a claim for services that the payer does not cover
Explain the difference between clean, pending, rejected, incomplete, and invalid claims
Clean claims have been submitted to the insurance company and meet all the requirements for processing. The claim will be processed within the required time frame and will not require follow-up. Pending claims are awaiting additional information from the provider to complete the processing. Rejected claims are those that do not meet the requirement of the insurance company and require resubmission. Incomplete claims are those that are missing some information and require submission of the missing information. Invalid claims have been submitted with incorrect information or used in the incorrect format.
Discuss specific terms used to describe Medicare claims
Medicare Beneficiary Identifier (MBI): This is the unique 11-digit number assigned to each Medicare beneficiary. It’s used to process and pay Medicare claims, along with the Medicare Number.
Medicare Number: This is the unique identifier assigned to each enrolled in Medicare. It’s also known as the Health Insurance Claim Number (HICN).
Durable Medical Equipment (DME) is used to help a person with a disability or chronic illness. Examples include wheelchairs, walkers, hospital beds, and oxygen tanks.
Place of Service (POS): The location where the service or item was provided. Medicare claims can include a doctor’s office, a laboratory, a hospital, or an outpatient facility.
Describe basic guidelines for submitting insurance claims.
Gather the necessary documents. Before submitting an insurance claim, ensure you have all the necessary documents, such as a copy of the patient’s insurance card, the service or item being billed, and other relevant paperwork.
Check insurance coverage. Before submitting the claim, check to ensure the patient’s insurance plan covers the billed service or item.
Complete the claim form. The claim form should be completed accurately and completely. The claim may be denied or delayed if missing or incorrect information exists.
Submit the claim. Most insurance companies accept claims electronically, but some may require paper claims. Make sure to check with the insurance company to determine the preferred method.
Follow up. Once the claim has been submitted, it’s important to follow up with the insurance company to ensure it has been processed and paid.
Describe reasons why claims are rejected.
Claims are rejected for several reasons, including but not limited to incorrect coding, incorrect or missing information, or non-covered services. Claims can also be rejected if the services provided are not medically necessary, the provider is not authorized to provide services, the patient does not have an active policy, or the provider is out of network. It is also possible for a claim to be rejected if the patient has already exceeded their maximum allowance for a particular service or if the service is not covered under the patient’s plan.
List the six basic procedures for transmission of an electronic claim and discuss methods for sending claims.
The six basic procedures for the transmission of an electronic claim are:

Gather the necessary patient and provider information.
Ensure that the claim is properly formatted and meets all applicable requirements.
Validate the claim for accuracy and completeness.
Send the claim to the appropriate payer or clearinghouse.
Receive an acknowledgement from the payer or clearinghouse.
Monitor the status of the claim.

Methods for sending claims include:

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): EDI transmits information electronically between two parties. Many healthcare providers submit claims to insurers, and other payers use it.
Web-Based Claims Submission: It is an increasingly popular method of sending claims. It allows providers to submit claims directly to payers without needing an EDI transaction.
Fax: Fax is another option for submitting claims. Many providers use a relatively simple and inexpensive method.
Mail: Paper claims can still be sent via mail. This is generally the most time-consuming and least efficient method of submitting claims.
What payment does a participating provider agree to accept when the assignment is accepted in a TRICARE case?
When a participating provider agrees to accept an assignment in a TRICARE case, they agree to accept the TRICARE allowable amount as payment in full. This means that the provider will not bill the patient for any additional amounts and will accept the TRICARE allowable amount as payment in full. In some cases, the provider may be able to negotiate additional payments with the patient, such as copayments or coinsurance. Still, before the services are rendered, the provider and the patient must agree upon these additional payments.

Introduction
Social entrepreneurship has grown in popularity as a way to tackle some of the world’s most pressing issues. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)( Desbiolles, 2019) are a set of 17 goals that aim to improve the quality of life for everyone on earth by 2030, including reducing poverty, increasing access to clean water and sanitation, improving maternal health, reducing child mortality rates among other things. The global water crisis is a crisis that has been brought about by several factors, including but not limited to climate change and population growth. The SDG aims to provide all people with clean water and sanitation by 2030. This goal is ambitious, as it requires us to make significant changes in how we live and treat the environment around us. In order to address this issue, social enterprises are an important part of the solution. C–they create jobs in communities where they operate and invest in local businesses so that those businesses can support themselves financially while also helping improve their communities quality of life through increased access to resources such as food and water.
Social/Environmental Challenge
Poverty is a social challenge to social entrepreneurship. It is easier to address this problem by first understanding the root causes of poverty, which are numerous and complex. Poverty can be caused by a lack of education or skill development (Brandy, 2019), unemployment, low wages, lack of access to health care, or other factors. Social entrepreneurs must also understand how these factors impact the community they want to serve to develop solutions that will increase access to financial services for poor people and provide them with employment opportunities. Hunger is a social challenge that has been addressed by many organizations, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Food Programme (Schoning, 2020). These organizations work to provide food for those in need, but they need to be expanded in their ability to address hunger on a global scale. As such, there is a need for new approaches to tackling this challenge. The first step in solving hunger is understanding the problem and how it affects people’s lives. Hunger is not just about food–it is also about how much money people have access to, whether or not they can afford healthy food options, and even how safe their homes are. These factors are all interconnected and affect each other in complex ways that cannot be solved with one solution alone. To address this problem effectively, we must look at all aspects: economic development, health care systems, and education levels among children… The list goes on! We must see these interconnected issues as one related issue so that we can develop solutions that simultaneously address all parts of it rather than piecemeal solutions that only address one aspect at a time.”Homelessness is a challenge that has been around for centuries, but it has become more pronounced in the last few decades. The reasons for this are varied, but the most obvious is that the economy has changed over time. In the past, people were able to find work and earn money to support themselves and their families. Nowadays, this is not so easy to do. Social entrepreneurship is a great way for people who are homeless or struggling financially to make money. Social entrepreneurs can provide food distribution or shelter for those who need it most (Kuratko, 2021). They can also help people get back on their feet by providing them with job training or education opportunities that will allow them to get better jobs later on down the line. Social entrepreneurs are often motivated by compassion rather than profit; they want to help others because they believe in helping others make ends meet without relying on government assistance programs like welfare or food stamps.”

 

Empathy Map

Inputs
Fresh Waters is a social entrepreneurship project that aims to raise awareness of the need for clean water in the world. It creates a fresh water bottle that can be used for anything that requires water, from drinking to cleaning your hands. The idea came about when we realized there was no way for them to drink clean water on their travels without it contaminating other liquids. They thought about how much money people spent on bottled water and decided that there had to be an alternative solution. The solution came in the form of an easy-to-use device that allows you to fill up your bottle with any liquid of your choice. Then squeeze out the excess liquid into another container to save money or resources on unnecessary packaging materials like plastic bottles or aluminium cans (which would have been used anyway because they are recyclable). The device also comes with a filter so that when you are done using it and want more water, you have to rinse out the filters and put them back into place!
A social enterprise is a business that aims to solve social problems through profit. It uses the same tools, principles, and practices as any other business but adds a social mission as part of its business model. Fresh Waters is a social entrepreneurship business that seeks to improve the lives of people living in poverty by providing clean drinking water (Adam, 2020). The company’s primary goal is to provide clean water to those who need it most by providing them with a simple, sustainable solution–the ability to purify their water using solar power. This can be done through either a solar-powered filtration system or by purchasing bottled water and refilling it with filtered water from a local source. In addition to providing clean drinking water, Fresh Waters also strives to educate people on how to protect themselves against diseases such as cholera or typhoid fever by consuming only properly boiled water from public taps rather than buying bottled drinks from vendors on the street.
Impact Goals and Theory of Change
Impact goals are the primary focus of social entrepreneurship. A social entrepreneur’s goal is to help people in need by creating a product or service that solves a problem they have. The theory of change is a systematic approach to understanding how people make decisions, which helps social entrepreneurs understand what impact their products will have on the world. Social entrepreneurs work to create products or services that solve problems for marginalized groups (Vink, 2020) who are often left behind by mainstream society. Social entrepreneurs’ goals generally focus on solving two problems: one for themselves and the community. The first problem is usually related to their own needs or desires. For example, an entrepreneur might want to start a business that helps people who are homeless or struggling with addiction.
The second problem could be more abstract; this could help a person in need through education or advocacy. The theory of change is used to determine the success of a social enterprise and how it will impact its target audience. The theory of change can be broken down into three categories: The problem is the actual issue that needs to be addressed by your business, such as hunger or homelessness. The solution: This is what you plan on doing to address this problem (or at least your version of it). For example, suppose you are trying to help people get food. In that case, your solution might be providing them with food directly through your business or donating it through an organization like Feeding America or World Food Program International or another charity organization that works directly with hunger relief organizations worldwide. The market: This refers to who will benefit from your product or service–who are they? What do they need? How much do they have available right now?
Inputs
Identifying inputs, including fixed and variable costs (SIPOC) (Rimawan, 2019), is an important part of any business plan. Ethical supply chain and procurement are key to building a positive team culture in your business idea, “Fresh Waters.”Types of workers include employees, volunteers, and employed beneficiaries. The latter two categories can be used interchangeably when describing employees who are not paid directly by their employer but rather receive compensation from them (such as donations). A positive team culture should be built by leaders & team members alike. Leaders should set the tone for ethical behaviour by respecting all people involved in their businesses’ operations–employees, volunteers, etc.–and ensuring that everyone feels included in decisions about how things are done at work. This can be done through company policies or partnering with companies with similar values. Customer-centricity may also be important when considering building a positive team culture at work; customers should feel heard when they have questions or feedback about products or services offered by your company’s business idea, “Fresh Waters.”
Customer empathy is the ability to understand the needs and wants of your customers. The first step in developing a business idea is to define your target customers. This can be done through customer empathy, which involves understanding what they want, need and expect from a product or service. It also involves understanding what they think about products and services that are similar to yours and those that are not similar. Customers buy products or services from you because they value them enough to pay for them. In order to understand your buyer persona, you will need to ask yourself some questions: what do they want? What are their needs? How much are they willing to spend? Once you have identified your customer persona, it is time for research!
Activities
It would help if you started by researching competitors in your industry to get a sense of what other businesses are doing on the same topic and how they are doing it–and what they are charging for their services. This will help inform your value proposition and pricing strategy later on down the line when creating products and services for sale (more on those later). Next up: mapping out who these customers are and where they live (or where they will likely come from). Freshwaters has identified that the most important aspect of its business is to provide a product that is both affordable and high quality. They have decided to sell their products reasonably and with high-quality standards. They want to be transparent with their customers about the steps they take in order to ensure that the water they produce is safe for consumption. This includes testing every batch of water before it goes into distribution and monitoring it periodically throughout its lifetime. They also believe that the best way to reach their target market is through social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram, where people can interact with each other on a personal level and share pictures of themselves enjoying fresh water from this company’s product line. The Fresh Waters initiative is a holistic solution to the world’s water scarcity problem, with a particular focus on the developing world. The initiative seeks to provide fresh water to those who lack it and ensure that the remaining water is properly managed.
Desired Outcomes and Impact
Fresh Waters will work with local communities, NGOs, and government agencies to develop solutions for each community’s needs (Bano, 2019). These solutions can include building wells or providing access to existing ones; developing drip irrigation systems; improving crop yields through better soil management practices; installing rainwater harvesting systems; and other interventions that increase access to clean drinking water for families who currently lack it. The impacts of Fresh Waters are many. The program will reduce water-borne diseases by providing safe drinking water; it will encourage people to use fewer fertilizers and pesticides which pollute waterways. It will improve farmers’ livelihoods by increasing their incomes from growing crops like tomatoes which require less water than other crops like rice or wheat. It will reduce pollution by reducing leaking pipes and other sources of contamination into rivers and streams, which then lead into lakes where fish & other animals live along with humans who fish there too!
In order to achieve the desired outcomes of our program, we have defined outputs and outcomes for each of the following: The first phase of this program will focus on identifying key stakeholders, defining their interests and needs, and developing an outreach plan. We will then measure the impact of this phase on our overall goal by tracking key indicators such as the number of customers reached and the number of new customers enrolled. The second phase of this program will focus on creating an online platform that allows users to access information about fresh waters in their area. We will then measure the impact of this phase on our overall goal by tracking key indicators such as the number of website visits per month, the number of new registrations per month, etc.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to stress the importance of fresh water as a source of clean drinking water. The water we drink has been contaminated by chemicals and industrial waste, which can lead to various health problems. Fresh water is essential for our health, and we must protect it from contamination. The theme of Fresh Waters is that people need to be more aware of their impact on the environment and how to make a difference. The company will help people understand their impact on the world around them and provide resources to help them change their daily lives. The freshwater theme is important because it helps us understand that we all need clean water–we cannot survive without it. The world has changed over time, but our reliance on water has not. We still need to drink water from rivers and lakes, bathe in rivers and lakes, use rivers and lakes as resources for farming, and so on. However, with all this reliance on freshwater (and other things like air), we easily need to remember how important these things are! We do not think about them as often as we should; we do not take care of them properly; and sometimes, even when we care for them properly, they still need to be better for what needs doing with them (like drinking). By providing tools like drill machines, we hope that people will start thinking more deeply about how they interact with their surroundings–and then act accordingly!

References
Brady, D. (2019). Theories of the Causes of Poverty. Annual Review of Sociology, pp. 45, 155–175. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022550
Boluk, K. A., Cavaliere, C. T., & Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2019). A critical framework for interrogating the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/shareview/10.1080/09669582.2019.1619748
Bickel, M., & Schöning, A. (2020). Bill & Melinda Gates foundation. In Handbook of transnational economic governance regimes (pp. 35-50). Brill Nijhoff. https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004181564/Bej.9789004163300.i-1081_003.pdf
Morris, M. H., Santos, S. C., & Kuratko, D. F. (2021). The great divides in social entrepreneurship and where they lead us. Small business economics, 57, 1089-1106. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-020-00318-y
Adams, E. A., Stoler, J., & Adams, Y. (2020). Water insecurity and urban poverty in the Global South: Implications for health and human biology. American Journal of Human Biology, 32(1), e23368. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.23368
Alkire, L., Mooney, C., Gur, F. A., Kabadayi, S., Renko, M., & Vink, J. (2020). Transformative service research, service design, and social entrepreneurship: An interdisciplinary framework advancing wellbeing and social impact. Journal of Service Management. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JOSM-05-2019-0139/full/html
Hardiansyah, T. D., Bustommy, A. Y., Setioko, F. I., & Rimawan, E. (2019). Methods for Applying the Sigma Ethodology to Reduce Drilling Wastewater Wasteeroperational Treatment in PT. RST (Case Study of Chemical Companies). Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol, 4(7), 1298-1304. https://www.ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT19JUL333.pdf
Bano, M. (2019). Partnerships and the good-governance agenda: Improving service delivery through the state–NGO collaborations. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, p. 30, 1270–1283. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-017-9937-y

 

1.0 Introduction
This report analyzes the cultural, institutional, and HR considerations relating to the potential merger and acquisition of PepsiCo and Wahaha Group, two globally leading food and beverage companies. It examines how the two companies’ cultural, institutional, and HR practices can shape the integration process and how HR can help facilitate a successful transition. The report also looks at the International Human Resource Management (IHRM) implications of this merger and provides InsightInsight with the recommended integration strategy. Through analysis and application of several theories, such as the cultural web, Lewin’s model of organizational change, and isomorphic theory, this report suggests that a ‘staggered integration’ approach is the most optimal strategy for a successful merger between PepsiCo and the Wahaha Group.
1.2 Companies’ Background Information
The Food and Beverage industry is one of the world’s largest and most important industries. It consists of establishments that primarily prepare, manufacture, or market food and beverages, including food and beverage products, alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products. The industry also provides various services related to the manufacturing, packaging, and selling these products (Allen & Albala, 2007). PepsiCo, Inc. is one of the world’s largest food and beverage companies. It was founded in 1965 and is headquartered in the United States. It is the world’s second-largest food and beverage company, with 25.6% USA overall market share in 2021 (Ridder, 2022) (see figure 1). The company has more than 250,000 employees worldwide and more than 120 million consumers worldwide. Its key competitors are Coca-Cola, Kraft Heinz Company, and Nestle (McKelvey, 2006). According to Xu and Nash (2010), the China-based Wahaha Group is also one of the largest beverage companies in the country, having been founded in 1987. Wahaha has more than 50,000 employees; its key competitors are Reignwood Group and Coca-Cola. It has a strong presence throughout China and is well known for its carbonated drinks, tea-flavored beverages, and energy drinks. It has an overall market share of 11.57% in China, and its primary customers are the middle and lower classes in China.

Figure 1: PepsiCo’s carbonated soft drink market share in the United States from 2004 to 2021; source: (Ridder, 2022)
2.0 Cultural and Institutional Analysis of China and the USA

2.1 Cultural Analysis of China and the USA
Culture is a multi-dimensional construct that profoundly affects how organizations are managed and structured across national boundaries. Culture is an extensive concept with a multitude of meanings and definitions. Treven et al. (2008) propose that culture is a “set of forms, meanings and ideas that are distinctive to a given social group and are shared, learned and perpetuated by its members” (p. 28). Hofstede (1984, 2011) proposed that culture has four distinct dimensions which describe the values, beliefs, and behaviors of a given society. These include power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. Gelfand et al. (2007) contend that culture created “norms, institutional frameworks and [cognitive] scripts which guide behavior” (p. 480). Such cognitive scripts impact individual, team, and organizational behavior (Tsui et al., 2007). According to Treven et al. (2008), culture can impact organizational behavior. Treven et al. (2008) define organization behaviors as “the beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, and behaviours accepted and shared by members of a particular organisation, as well as the common behaviors expressed in decisions and activities in which it engages” (p.34). According to Treven (2008), culture is incredibly influential in guiding the behavior of organizations. Shankar (2003) maintains that two particular aspects of culture impact organizations—symbols and norms. Symbols are “physical objects shared among members of an organization with which they identify themselves” (Gelfand et al., 2007, p.492). This could include physical objects such as company logos, building materials, or historical artifacts. Norms are shared “beliefs, ideas and expectations regarding how people should behave and relate to each other” (Gelfand et al., 2007, p.492). These shared norms drive organizational behaviors often engrained in the organizational mindset or culture. There is also evidence to support Hofstede’s (1993) notions that organizational practices and behaviors differ across cultural contexts.
In order to understand cross-cultural organizational behavior in a merger and acquisition between the USA’s PepsiCo and China’s Wahaha Group, it is essential to analyze the cultural differences between these two nations. According to Hofstede’s model (1984, 2011), China is characterized by a long-term orientation, collectivism, and high power distance, which means people in China emphasize traditions, families, and hierarchical relationships. In addition, Chinese culture values stability, a focus on the collective good, conformity, and a tradition of respect for authority and seniors (Treven et al., 2008) (see figure 2). On the contrary, the USA is characterized by a short-term orientation, individualism, and low power distance (Hofstede, 2011). These attributes lead American culture to prioritize the immediate future and independence while favoring individual goals and equality (Gelfand et al., 2007). Moreover, the importance of cooperation in balanced decision-making is also highlighted (Tsui et al., 2007). Trompenaars’ (Nakata, 2009) seven-dimension cultural model is also essential for exploring differences between the cultures of these two countries. China can be described as homogeneous and exhibiting an emotional versus neutral orientation, as well as a particularistic orientation and relationship-based orientation (Fan and Zigang, 2004). Conversely, the USA can be viewed as heterogeneous, displaying a neutral versus emotional orientation, a universalist orientation, and a task-oriented relationship (Holt, 1997). Consequently, the cultural differences between the USA and China should be considered when negotiating the merger and acquisition to foster a successful organizational integration process.

Figure 2: Hofstedes Insight; Country Comparison (China and USA); source: (Hofsted InsightInsight, 2023)
2.2 Institutional Analysis of China and the USA
The institutional approach to International Human Resource Management (IHRM) has long been recognized for its potential to explain major cultural, economic, and political forces that shape an organization’s HRM practices. This perspective suggests that organizations are operated and managed following institutionalized values, practices, and routines that derive from the external environment in which the organization functions (Rehbinder et al., 2010). It is premised on the notion that IHRM practices tend to be shaped by the particularities of the countries’ institutional environment (Pearce, 2006). The political, economic, and social institutions of the United States and China play a substantial role in forming the environment in which the merger takes place. Two countries with very different institutional structures, distinct cultures, and values will experience difficulty when attempting to integrate their organizations (Pearce, 2006). The critical task of a successful merger between PepsiCo and Wahaha Group would be to create a new institutional structure whereby a cross-national merger could be managed.
Evidence of research on countries’ institutional environment suggests multiple discrepancies, such as a significantly larger GDP in the United States than in China, vast differences in labor law, varying cultural attitudes, and different Power-Distance Indexes (PDI) (Lin et al., 2009). Most importantly, the two countries have different approaches to the issue of HRM practices. The United States has a more centralized employment system, where employees are primarily engaged with the employer, while in China, HRM practices tend to be more contractual-based (Lin et al., 2009). This can difference has the potential to create further difficulty in the merger process due to their different approaches to managing labor relations. In this regard, several theories, such as institutional theory and isomorphism, can be applied to best navigate the merger process. According to Scott (2005), Institutional theory proposes that firms reflect the culture and values of the country in which they are located, making it necessary to adopt local institutions to succeed in the long term. Scott (2005) notes that firms rely heavily on formulating part of their competitive strategy following their local environment, making the ability to understand and modify organizational practices highly dependent on the political and cultural context in which they are located. Furthermore, isomorphic theory, according to Beckert (2010), argues that the development of new institutions is heavily driven by external pressures, such as the need to acquire legitimacy and remain competitive. This demonstrates the importance of the role of local institutions when attempting to achieve a successful international merger.
3.0 M&A Rationale and Integration Strategy
The purpose of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) between PepsiCo and the Wahaha Group would be to create a synergistic relationship that can leverage a portfolio of diversified products and services, a global network, and customer contacts. The integration between PepsiCo and Wahaha Group could be a merger of equals, where both parties will be equally involved in the management and strategies of the new entity. This is because acquiring a stake in Wahaha Group will give PepsiCo access to Wahaha’s valuable distribution network, technology, and personnel capabilities. Wahaha Group will not only benefit from the liquidity and economies of scale that this merger provides, but it will also be a beneficiary of PepsiCo’s established brand name, highly developed strategies, and strong relationships in the global soft-drink market (Brakman et al., 2005). This merger of equals stance would thus offer both companies the opportunity to share each other’s strengths and resources to create a more competitive business.
Staggered integration is likely to be the most appropriate integration typology for the two companies. According to McKenzie (2017), a “staggered integration” is an integration process where the two firms gradually combine their operations through a step-by-step process. This can involve the transfer of personnel and technology from one company to the other and slowly restructuring the new entity over time. McKenzie(2017) points out that the staggered integration approach enables both companies to gradually gain knowledge of each other’s environment, allowing for the transition to take place with more control and less disruption. This method can therefore provide an opportunity to learn, adjust and understand each other’s culture, environment, and context in the organizational integration process
4.0 Role of IHRM in implementing effective M & A

The pre and post-stages of an M&A between the USA’s PepsiCo and China’s Wahaha Group can present several HR challenges due to the differences in culture and institutions between the two countries. One challenge is the different approaches to HRM practices in the USA and China; for example, the USA has a more centralized employment system, while China has a contractual-based system of HRM. This can create difficulty in integrating the two companies’ labor relations (Lin et al., 2009). In addition, differences in power structures between the two countries can present a unique challenge. For example, China has a higher Power Distance Index than the USA, which can create difficulty in establishing a shared understanding of power relations and communication protocols in their newly unified organization (Hofstede, 2011). Furthermore, there is the potential for cultural miscommunication and friction. The US and China have different and overlapping cultural values, which can lead to misunderstandings, particularly if strategic plans do not account for and harmonize the different cultures of the merged companies (Lin et al., 2009). According to Lin et al. (2009), the possible language barrier between the two companies is another issue. Lastly, there could be differences in workforce composition and composition, which can lead to other ramifications, such as finding the most cost-effective staffing structure and equalizing welfare, training, and promotion policies.
HR assumes a vital role in the M&A process as it can help ensure a successful transition by minimizing disruption, integrating both companies, and forming a new corporate identity. During the pre-stage, HR needs to identify and analyze issues such as HR strategies and policies, employee relations, workforce composition, and employee engagement (Rodriquez Sanchez et al., 2018). This is necessary for identifying challenges and working on mitigating potential issues. Additionally, HR should ensure that the transition remains consistent with the strategic rationale for the M&A and the proposed integration strategy (Cartwright, 1992). According to Dencker (2004), during the post-stage, HR should ensure the success of the integration process and guide managers and employees. HR should develop communication strategies that facilitate organizational transformation. Specifically, HR should leverage culturally relatable technologies and support structures to ensure effective communication between the two companies and create a cohesive organizational environment. Finally, Tarba et al. (2020) note that HR should also provide training and development opportunities to assist managers and employees in understanding the new workplace environment. These actions will contribute to the successful transition of the M&A, leading to the attainment of the desired objectives.
In the scenario discussed, the “staggered integration” approach to the M&A between PepsiCo and the Wahaha Group is an appropriate strategy based on two theories – the cultural web model and the Lewin model of change. The cultural web theory assesses how the two parties’ values, customs, and beliefs will shape the way they operate together (Johnson, 2015), while the Lewin model of change suggests a three-stage process of ‘unfreezing,’ ‘change,’ and ‘refreezing’ (Wirth, 2004). This approach allows the companies to slowly transition over time to uncover and manage cultural differences, build trust between the two sides, and ensure a successful outcome for the transition.
5.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, the report has examined the cultural and institutional environment of the USA and China in order to analyze the potential challenges of an M&A between PepsiCo and Wahaha Group. It was established that China has a long-term orientation, collectivism, and high power distance, which means people in China emphasize traditions, families, and hierarchical relationships. On the other hand, the USA has a short-term orientation, individualism, and low power distance. Therefore, cultural differences between the two countries must be considered when negotiating the merger and acquisition to foster a successful organizational integration process. The report also established that Human Resources play an essential role in the pre and post-stages of an M&A. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the HRM practices of the merging companies should be adapted or modified to fit the context of different countries. HR needs to develop a comprehensive HRM plan for the integration strategy to support a successful merger or acquisition. This should include an effective communication and negotiation strategy between the two organizations and identifying and analyzing HR strategies such as policies and employee relations. HR should leverage culturally relatable technologies and support structures to ensure effective communication, provide training and development opportunities, and create a cohesive organizational environment. In the event of miscommunication or friction, HR should focus on creating a shared understanding of power relations and communication protocols. By following these recommendations, HR can ensure a successful transition of the M&A and support the attainment of the desired objectives.

 

 

Bastaki et al. (2021) reveal that antidepressants have been used to reduce stroke within the Qatari population and thus have sought to explore prescription patterns and the off-label use of antidepressants within that population. The authors conducted a retrospective study on the patients who were administered antidepressants as a solution for important healthcare centers. The study involved using chi-square tests to establish the association between the antidepressants used and user age categories and the association between the use of the drugs and gender. Counts of the prescriptions were summarized using graphs representing the count magnitudes for each given point. The results were analyzed using the R statistical packages for analysis. The two-year study outcomes showed that women were the most prescribed group while older people were the most prescribed group from the ages of 60 and above. It was revealed that women were more likely to be affected by depression and anxiety disorders which are also causes of disease-related disabilities in women.
Another study by Elmoheen et al. (2021) explored and made recommendations about acute chronic and neuropathic pain in Qatar. A panel of experts from different physician disciplines was engaged in reviewing to make evaluations and recommendations about pain management based on the locally available treatment modalities in the country. The recommendations from the study were centered on the avoidance of the use of opioids and refereeing patients to pain management specialists for the offering of interventions meant to reduce pain. The recommendations are also subject to change, and the panel recommended the constant review and reexamination of the approaches used for updating based on developments that might come into force going into the future.
Acute depression after having undergone the effects of stroke in patients has been frequent in primary stroke centers in Qatar. Around 30 percent of stroke patients suffer from depression (Wilkins et al., 2018). Wilkins et al. (2018) have also established using a Mini-Cog test done by stroke unit nurses. Past stroke depression has also been a leading cause of other health effects, such as the increased likelihood of disability, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality for the patients. That has occasioned the need for post-stroke screening to establish and treat cases of stroke within the population in the Qatari population. Assessments and Intervention measures are a high priority as the study’s outcomes have revealed high apathy to treatment modalities for most stroke depression, such as antidepressants or even follow-up psychiatric care. The study has also recommended education and sensitization through raising awareness to reduce apart.
According to the outcomes of research conducted by Husseinalali et al. (2021), there are different treatment impacts from the various treatment modalities used for depression and anxiety. The study also investigated the effects of medications and their effects on patients who were affected by thyroids. The study’s findings established that depression and anxiety were also connected with the thyroid, which affects people’s lives and lifestyles. Different treatment modalities for curing such effects have varied effects that the diseases and the effects in Qatar have occasioned. Controlled trials have been used in the study to look into the effects of different treatment measures, such as the use of antidepressants which have shown success in treating thyroid dysfunction. Another retrospective review of electronically secured medical records was conducted on outpatients attending the clinic for their medical health by Al-Rawi et al. (2021). The study used a risk calculator to establish, from a selected cohort, the number of patients at an increased risk of developing CVD or even experiencing major cardiovascular events. More than a third of the study cohorts were at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. That necessitated an increased alliance between psychiatrists and primary healthcare providers in the process of inducing measures and treatment models for controlling the factors which can be addressed to reduce the risks of cardiovascular occurrence within patients.
Al-Dahshan, A., & Kehyayan, V. (2021) used a cross-sectional study in Qatar to establish the prevalence and predictors of medications that have the potential prescriptions which have the likelihood of being inappropriate for older adults. The study’s findings revealed that such medications could lead to potentially harmful effects, such as suboptimal or even poor health outcomes for patients in their old age. The results of this study were consistent with the outcomes of other studies conducted on the same topic in the middle east, showing high levels of PMI within the elderly population. That led to the assumption that it can cause adverse effects on older adults and, thus, the need for counter-treatment within that population to reduce the effects. Antidepressants are some of the medications which have been found to have potentially harmful effects on older people when taken in cases when such people are experiencing stress disorders or depressive effects.
Sico et al. (2021) investigated whether depression was a risk factor that would lead to stroke for patients who have HIV. The data analysis from an HIV-positive population revealed a relationship between increased stroke risks for HIV-positive persons. Such results arrived during the study after adjusting for the social demographic characteristics, cerebrovascular risks, and other factors specific to HIV. Antidepressants, alcoholism disorders, and other abused drugs, such as cocaine, were found to account for some stroke risks in patients. The findings also revealed that having depression was also a risk factor for ischemic stroke for patients infected with HIV, and the outcomes were more pronounced within the young population.
Pohl et al. (2021) undertook a comprehensive review of ischemic stroke from different studies to establish the prevalence, risk factors, symptoms, types, and risk factors that led to different outcomes due to stroke in patients. Overall 61 studies were selected, with as many participants being used in the study. Ischemic stroke is potentially treatable but requires immediate management. The studies analyzed revealed that the condition diagnosis is based on clinical findings and contrast scans to show the ischemic changes. Other risk factors that burdened people suffering from ischemic stroke included smoking and hypertension, which were also noted as leading causes of ischemic stroke affecting patients. The findings from different studies are n concurrence with the results of other studies conducted in the middle east, such as was revealed from different studies used in this review (Kaadan & Larson, 2017). Such effects draw attention to the need for patient evaluation by physicians with experience diagnosing stroke and mimics. Stroke was also attributed to people who were taking antidepressants and anti-psychotic drugs.

 

Homeland Security: Hurricane Ida (New Jersey)
New Jersey is a state in the northeastern United States. The State has 130 miles as part of the Atlantic coast. In the year 2021, there was a deadly disaster known as Hurricane Ida, which occurred in this State and affected the Grand Cayman, the western part of Cuba, and the Mexican Gulf, and the disaster caused extreme destruction. As a result of the radical damage the disaster caused, it was ranked as the second hurricane that caused great destruction to the State to the extent of forcing the land to fall. Therefore, the aim of writing this paper is to discuss the impacts caused by hurricane Ida, show the people impacted and explain how the disaster was finally mitigated, and show what I have learned from the occurrence of the disaster as it connects to homeland security mitigation.
Hurricane Ida in New Jersey had various impacts on the affected regions. The first impact caused by the disaster was the destruction of infrastructure. The strong wave associated with the hurricane caused much rain that led to heavy flooding; due to this reason, the roads that had not experienced such heavy flooding were washed away (Hanchey et al., 2021). The road destruction led to fewer roads left behind, thus causing a challenge in the transportation of people and goods, especially to the market. Therefore, the hurricane wave in the State made the roads impassable, leading to difficulties in transport.
Another impact of hurricane Ida was the mass destruction of homes. The heavy home destruction resulted from the heavy wind that forced water into the houses because the roofs that the heavy wind had already destroyed. The destruction of homes led to the displacement of people, leaving them with no idea where they could get money to build other homes and recover the property destroyed (Lee, Wang & Sun, 2022). Thus, the wave caused significant problems for people because it negatively impacted them and the property they possessed.
The hurricane wave also caused a decline in New Jersey’s business operations. Because the roads were washed away by the heavy floods caused by the heavy rains, transport became burdensome, and goods were difficult to transport to the marketplace for trade. Services were also hard to reach, so life became hard to live without money (Feng & Pu, 2023). The closure of businesses led to unemployment for the people who used to work in the various businesses leading to difficulties in living.
The second deadly hurricane wave affected New Jersey in the United States, Parts of Mississippi and Alabama. After the occurrence of the wave, various mitigation strategies were put into place. First, the energy department allowed the strategic petroleum reserve to exchange a certain number of barrels of oil between the Louisiana crude oil companies to ensure that the region could quickly access fuel. Therefore, this strategy was a form of mitigation of the problems caused by the hurricane Ida wave.
In the United States, the department of agriculture allowed the request that Lousiana enables the nutrition program beneficiaries to use their benefits to buy ready meals. Again, ambulances were deployed in Louisiana to assist the highly affected areas. The deployment of such ambulances made the life of people easier for instance, when trying to access a medical facility; people could do that easily. Emergency vehicles were also applied in Louisiana to ease communication for those in such areas.
From the happening of hurricane Ida, I have learned that hurricane waves once they happen they cause much damage to the regions near the wave, again I have also found that once the wave occurs, there is a need for the departments concerned to ensure that they act immediately to help the severely affected areas to cope up with life ( Wang, & Zhang,2023). Mitigation strategies are essential in this case to assist the people in coping with life again after the significant loss they incur from the wave. Therefore, this is what I have learned from the occurrence of the hurricane wave on homeland security and found that the concerned groups should be vigilant in supporting the affected areas.
Conclusion
In summary, we have found that New Jersey is a state in the United States which was affected by Hurricane Ida’s wave, which caused a lot of negative impacts on the people and regions around the State. Some of the impacts caused by the wave were the destruction of homes, erosion of roads, and destruction of businesses. These causes led to difficulties in the life of the people in the affected areas since some of the services and goods they could get for their use were difficult to get quickly. The affected regions were Louisiana and Mississippi. After the happening of the wave, there were mitigation strategies taken to help the affected areas. The strategies include; the deployment of ambulances in Louisiana and other affected areas. Therefore, this is how hurricane Ida happened and how it impacted the affected regions.

 

 

 

 

References
Hanchey, A., Schnall, A., Bayleyegn, T., Jiva, S., Khan, A., Siegel, V., … & Svendsen, E. (2021). Notes from the field: deaths related to Hurricane Ida reported by media—nine states, August 29–September 9, 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(39), 1385.
Lee, T., Wang, Y., & Sun, K. (2022). Impact of Hurricane Ida on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in Southwestern Louisiana Detected from Space. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 9(10), 808-814.
Feng, C., & Pu, Z. (2023). The impacts of assimilating Aeolus horizontal line-of-sight winds on numerical predictions of Hurricane Ida (2021) and a mesoscale convective system over the Atlantic Ocean. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 1–29.
Wang, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Theorizing Hazard Mitigation Policy Adoption: Using Floodplain Property Buyout Program as an Example. Natural Hazards Review, 24(2), 05022015.

When conducting research, research sources or journal articles are essential as they provide valuable information about specific topics or issues. These journal articles can be found in academic journals, books, magazines, websites, and other sources, and they may include primary or secondary sources and often include research studies and surveys. In my research,

When selecting secondary sources for my research about workplace experience, I focused on sources that provided a comprehensive overview of the subject. I looked for sources that reputable authors and institutions wrote, and I also looked for current and up-to-date sources. In addition to utilizing academic journals and well-known websites, I also used government websites such as the US Department of Labor and the US Department of Health and Human Services. These websites provide valuable information about workplace rights, labor laws, and workplace safety regulations (Post et al., 2020). I also looked for sources that discussed the psychological impacts of the workplace on employees, such as job satisfaction, job stress, and employee engagement.

My goal for choosing reliable sources was to support my findings on workplace experiences. I wanted to understand better what employees go through in the workplace and how their experiences can be improved. Also, I needed to collect evidence on topics such as employee satisfaction, morale, productivity, and job satisfaction. Additionally, I wanted to learn what workplace initiatives have successfully promoted a positive work environment. Thus, I used reputable sources such as journals, reports, and newspapers published by authoritative organizations to ensure that I was collecting valid, accurate information.
Journals are an essential part of the research process, as they provide a platform for researchers to share their findings and open up the possibility for other researchers to build upon their work. Also, they serve as a form of quality control, as they are typically peer-reviewed, meaning that a panel of experts in the field evaluates the work to ensure that it is of high quality and adheres to scientific standards.

Post, C., Sarala, R., Gatrell, C., & Prescott, J. E. (2020). Advancing theory with review articles. Journal of Management Studies, 57(2), 351-376. https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3084297/1/16644508.pdf

Introduction
This research measured how the worldwide pandemic affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourist sector. The global leisure travel business has been hit hard by the COVID-19 epidemic (Gerwe, 2021). Hong Kong is no exception. Knowing how the pandemic would affect Hong Kong’s leisure tourist business can help plan for the sector’s long-term viability. In order to assess the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on the Hong Kong leisure tourist business and to plan for its future, this study will draw on a variety of primary and secondary sources, including interviews with professionals in the field and a review of relevant literature.
Research Aim
This research aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the Hong Kong leisure tourism industry.
Research Objectives
Determine what research has been done on the impact of the worldwide pandemic on Hong Kong’s burgeoning leisure tourism sector.
Learn about the epidemic’s significant social and economic effects on Hong Kong’s leisure tourist sector.
Examine the results of primary studies to ascertain how the pandemic has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourist sector.
Build a plan for the future of Hong Kong’s leisure tourist sector.

Rationale
Hong Kong’s leisure tourist business has felt the wrath of the worldwide pandemic, much like the rest of the industry. There was a 73% drop in foreign visitor arrivals throughout the globe in 2020 due to the epidemic, as reported by the World Tourism Organization (World Tourism Organization, 2020). The leisure tourist sector in Hong Kong has been severely impacted by the epidemic, with several enterprises closing and significantly losing jobs and money. As a result, it is crucial to analyze how the pandemic has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism sector to devise plans for the sector’s long-term survival.
This study is crucial to fully grasp the pandemic’s short- and long-term effects on Hong Kong’s leisure tourist economy. Future-proofing the sector is equally crucial; thus, figuring out how to do so is an absolute must. This study is essential to understand how the pandemic has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourist sector and provide solutions for the future. The study will combine the use of secondary sources (such as a review of the relevant literature) with primary data gathered via interviews with professionals in the field.
Literature Assessment Schematic
The following questions should be included in the literature review schema for sources concerning the effect of the worldwide epidemic of COVID-19 on Hong Kong’s leisure tourist business.
Why is this source being used?
The source aims to learn how the COVID-19 outbreak has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism sector. The source needs to tell you what is going on in the industry right now, what the problems are, and how you can help it get back on its feet. If one would like to know if a source is suitable for the study and if it will shed light on the query, it is necessary to ask this inquiry. Both important considerations are whether the source directly addresses the study issue and whether or not the author has any biases or agendas that could impact their research. Aveyard (2010); Blaxter, Hughes, & Tight (2010).
Which kind of source is it, exactly?
Journals with peer reviews, industry papers, government publications, news stories, and other reputable sources that give helpful information on the issue should be used. Understanding the nature of the source helps researchers evaluate its reliability and usefulness for their study (Mohajan, 2018). For instance, an essay published in a peer-reviewed academic publication is more likely to be accurate than one published in a popular magazine or newspaper. (Aveyard, 2010; Blaxter, Hughes, & Tight, 2020).
The identity of the writer remains unknown.
The writers should have deep knowledge of the present situation in Hong Kong and be specialists in leisure tourism. They should be well-regarded experts in their fields or reputable institutions. Whether you want to know if the study has been peer-reviewed and if the author is an expert in the area, you need to look at the author’s credentials. In two studies (Aveyard, 2010; Walliman, 2018), the authors conclude that.
Where was the study conducted?
Since this study is concerned with how COVID-19 would affect the leisure tourist business in Hong Kong, it makes the most sense to conduct the research there. Understanding where a study was conducted is crucial for determining the applicability of its results. For example: if the study was conducted in a foreign nation, the findings may be outside the leisure tourism sector in Hong Kong. Several studies (Aveyard, 2010; Blaxter, Hughes, and Tight, 2020) support this theory.
How old is the source?
The material should be recent; thus, the sources should have been published up to two years ago (between 2021 and 2023). As the sector adapts to the continuing epidemic, this will also guarantee that the data is up-to-date. Depending on the age of the source, there may be implications for the usefulness and continued validity of the data. When evaluating a source, it is crucial to consider its initial publication date and any future updates or adjustments that may have been made. Aveyard (2010); Blaxter, Hughes, & Tight (2010).
In what ways has this source been incorporated into previous studies?
The academic community should generally agree that your sources are trustworthy and credible. The number of citations and the number of studies cited in the source could be utilized to make this determination. Evaluating the source’s usefulness and dependability requires considering how it has been used in previous studies. One indicator of a reliable source is its citation frequency in subsequent studies. Several studies (Aveyard, 2010; Blaxter, Hughes, and Tight, 2020) support this theory.
In short, the literature evaluation schema aims to single out credible, up-to-date, and relevant resources for the study. This procedure should be followed to verify that the study’s conclusions are valid and applicable and that the sources utilized are credible.

 

Literature Matrix
Theme
Author
Title
Publication Year
Source Quality
The government response to the pandemic in Hong Kong and its impact on the leisure tourism industry
K. Wong (2022)
The effectiveness of the government response to the pandemic on the leisure tourism industry in Hong Kong
2022
Highly reliable source as the author is an academic expert on the topic.
Economic Impacts
Kai-Man Chan
The Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hong Kong Leisure Tourism Industry
2020
Reliable source as the author is a professor in economics.
Social Impacts
Elizabeth S.Y. Chan
The Social Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hong Kong Leisure Tourism Industry
2020
Reliable source as the author is an experienced researcher in the field.
Future Recommendations
Ricky Y. Cheong
Recommendations for the Future of the Hong Kong Leisure Tourism Industry in the Post-COVID-19 Era
2020
Reliable source as the author is an experienced industry professional.

Literature Review
The global epidemic caused by COVID-19 has significantly influenced the leisure tourist business all over the globe, particularly in Hong Kong (Roman et al., 2020). This critical literature review aims to investigate four main issues linked to the effect of the pandemic on the leisure tourist business in Hong Kong. The study will be based on previous research that was conducted. The following will be discussed as themes: First, the economic effect of the pandemic on the leisure tourist industry; second, the social impact of the pandemic on the leisurely tourism industry; in addition, the government reaction to the pandemic in Hong Kong and its influence on the leisure tourism business, and lastly, the future of the leisure tourism sector in the post-pandemic age. This review will identify areas of agreement and disagreement across the sources by critically analyzing current academic and industrial literature. It will also recommend prospective topics for additional study based on the findings of this analysis.
Government Actions in Response to the Influenza Pandemic and Its Potential Effects on Hong Kong’s Leisure Tourism Sector
The Hong Kong government has made several steps to lessen the blow to the city’s leisure tourist sector from the global epidemic. The government, for instance, has implemented efforts to promote local tourism and urge locals to support the sector, in addition to providing financial help in the form of subsidies and loans to impacted firms. The long-term effects of the epidemic still need to be discovered, but despite these efforts, Hong Kong’s leisure tourist economy still needs to be back to total health (Jung et al., 2021).
The COVID-19 epidemic has had a widespread and severe effect on Hong Kong’s leisure travel economy. In his article titled “The Impact of COVID-19 on the Leisure Tourism Industry in Hong Kong,” Alan H.H. Wong (2020) details how the pandemic has affected the industry, such as tighter travel restrictions, fewer flights, and lower expenditure. Some hotels, eateries, and other tourist spots had to close because of the epidemic, which is addressed in the piece. Wong (2020) notes that the sector may recover from the epidemic by offering novel experiences and services to visitors and using technology to create frictionless encounters, among other things.
Economic Impacts
An in-depth examination of the economic consequences that the pandemic has had on the tourist sector can be found in the article titled “The Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hong Kong Leisure Tourism Industry” which was written by Kai-Man Chan in the year 2020. According to Chan (2020), the numerous economic effects of the industry include a drop in the number of tourists, a reduction in profits from foreign currency, and an increase in the number of people looking for work. In addition to this, he underlines the possible long-term ramifications of the pandemic, such as greater competition from other places, and recommends alternative measures for reducing the economic repercussions, such as concentrating on domestic tourism and expanding the kinds of tourist services that are supplied.
The COVID-19 epidemic has had a catastrophic effect on the economy of the whole world, and the leisure tourist business in Hong Kong has not been exempted from its repercussions. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the travel restrictions that followed, the leisure tourism industry in Hong Kong experienced a decrease in visitor arrivals of 72.8% in 2020 when compared to the previous year (Neuburger, 2021). This information is according to a report that was published by the Hong Kong Tourism Board (2021). Because the leisure tourism sector is such a substantial contributor to Hong Kong’s gross domestic product, the recent drop in visitor numbers has had a discernible and negative effect on the city’s economy.
For Hong Kong’s economy as a whole, the devastating effects of the COVID-19 epidemic have been felt most keenly in the recreational visitor industry. The Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) estimates that the industry lost more than 60% of its business in 2020 as a direct consequence of the pandemic, bringing about its full closure (Arshad et al., 2021). This has had a severe impact on the economy, since the leisure tourism industry is an essential contributor to the city’s GDP. In this study, we examine the research on how the pandemic has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism industry.
The first study to be discussed is “The Impact of COVID-19 on the Leisure Tourist Sector in Hong Kong,” written by Ting and Chau (2020). This article offers a thorough analysis of how the epidemic has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism industry. Using a study designed to gauge the effects of COVID-19 on the industry, the authors conclude that leisure visitor visits will drop by 69.7 percent in 2020 compared to 2019. The scientists also noted a 45.3% drop in leisure traveler expenditures on average. The overall number of employees in the leisure tourism industry dropped by approximately 35% as a result of the pandemic, and the authors also found that earnings in the sector were significantly impacted.
In this second section, we examine “The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Leisure Tourist Sector in Hong Kong: An Econometric Analysis” by Wong et al (2021). In this study, we utilize econometric research to measure how the pandemic has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism industry. The authors discovered that falling numbers of domestic and foreign leisure travelers were responsible for the overall decline. The authors also discovered that the pandemic had a significant detrimental effect on the employment and income of employees in the leisure tourism industry. The authors believe that the pandemic has had a substantial effect on the leisure tourism industry in Hong Kong, and that the industry is unlikely to rebound in the near future.
Financial Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Leisure Tourist Sector in Hong Kong” by Yeung and Wong is the third article being discussed (2020). This paper assesses how the pandemic has affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism industry. The authors discovered that in 2020, both the overall number of leisure tourists and the average amount they spent fell by more than 70 percent from 2019 levels. The overall number of employees in the leisure tourism industry decreased by approximately 40% during the pandemic, and the authors also observed that earnings in the sector were significantly impacted.
Social Impacts
The Social Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hong Kong Leisure Tourist Sector by Elizabeth S.Y. Chan (2020) analyzes the social effects of the pandemic on the tourism industry. Several major concerns are highlighted in the study, including the possibility of rising inequality, the financial strain on firms, and the impact on workers’ mental health as a result of the epidemic. Potential solutions are proposed in the report, including aiding companies financially, raising awareness about mental health, and enacting regulations to lessen inequality.
The social effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on Hong Kong’s leisure tourist sector has been as important as the economic fallout from the virus. Many leisure tourist enterprises have closed because of travel restrictions and border closures (Luković, 2020), which has increased unemployment and lowered living standards for many individuals who worked in the sector. Concerns of contracting the epidemic have led many individuals to cancel or postpone their trip plans.
Economically, the new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had significant repercussions. Countries have taken different steps, such as quarantine and travel restrictions, to stem the spread of the virus. As a result, the number of tourists visiting Hong Kong from other countries has dropped dramatically.
Multiple important takeaways emerge from an examination of the pandemic’s effect on Hong Kong’s leisure visitor industry. An estimated 82% reduction in foreign tourists to Hong Kong occurred during the epidemic (Solnet et al., 2022). Arrivals fell by more than 90 percent in mainland China, where the downturn was most severe. There was also a large drop in domestic leisure tourism, with the number of people staying overnight for such purposes falling by 64 percent.
Secondly, the pandemic has had a significant negative effect on the economy of Hong Kong’s recreational visitor industry. More than HK$50 billion in lost revenue from leisure travel has been estimated for Hong Kong (Li et al., 2022). It is also predicted that 64,000 employment have been lost in Hong Kong’s leisure tourist industry (Nhamo et al., 2020).
Third, the epidemic has had serious societal effects on Hong Kong’s vacation-seeking tourism industry. The city’s image as a tourist destination has suffered as a result of the fall in foreign visitors, with some out-of-town guests voicing concerns about the city’s security. The loss of tourism-related employment has put a strain on the city’s economy and put many residents under additional stress.
At last, the mental health of individuals working in Hong Kong’s leisure tourism industry has suffered as a result of the epidemic (Kim et al., 2022). Workers in the industry are increasingly worried, depressed, and stressed out about their jobs’ futures. Due to the constraints put on travel and social activities during the epidemic, many of these people have also reported an increase in feelings of loneliness.
Finally, the COVID-19 outbreak has severely affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism industry. There has been a significant drop in both foreign and local leisure travelers as a consequence of the epidemic, which has had serious economic and social repercussions. Many people working in the industry have reported feeling more anxious, depressed, and stressed since the outbreak began.
Future Recommendation
The document “Recommendations for the Future of the Hong Kong Leisure Tourism Industry in the Post-COVID-19 Age” by Ricky Y. Cheong (2020) presents an outline of prospective solutions for the industry’s recovery in the post-pandemic era. The study recommends that the sector use technological solutions to create frictionless experiences, such as virtual tourism, in order to attract more customers. Investment in digital marketing is also advocated, as is enhancing customer service and promoting cooperation between companies.
After the epidemic, the outlook for Hong Kong’s leisure travel business is unclear. Despite the sector’s propensity for bounce back, it is conceivable it may never reach its pre-pandemic levels of activity. It will be vital to take steps to aid the industry’s recovery and make sure it is ready for future pandemics if the sector is to survive in the long run.
The literature analyzed in this research highlights the many economic and social effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on Hong Kong’s leisure tourist business, providing a complete summary. The sources concur that, in the wake of the epidemic, the sector must prioritize the creation of novel experiences and the use of technology to facilitate contactless ones if it is to continue attracting tourists. However, recommendations on how to lessen the pandemic’s monetary and societal effects vary between sources. More study is required to fully understand the effectiveness of these methods.
In summary, the COVID-19 epidemic has had a substantial influence on the leisure tourist business in Hong Kong, with both economic and social ramifications. The government reaction to the pandemic has been helpful, but the future of the business remains unclear in the post-pandemic age. Further study is required to evaluate the long-term effect of the virus on the leisure tourist business in Hong Kong and to identify plans for its recovery.
Conclusion
The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the Hong Kong leisure tourism industry. There was a 73% drop in foreign visitor arrivals throughout the globe in 2020 as a result of the epidemic, as reported by the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2020). The nature of the source helps researchers evaluate its reliability and usefulness for their study. Peer reviews, industry papers, news stories, and other reputable sources should be used. If a study was conducted in a foreign nation, the findings may not be relevant to the leisure tourist sector in Hong Kong.
Evaluating the source’s usefulness and dependability requires thinking about how it has been used in previous studies. One indicator of a reliable source is its frequency of citation in subsequent studies. The global epidemic caused by COVID-19 has had a significant influence on the leisure tourist business in Hong Kong. The COVID-19 epidemic has had a widespread and severe effect on Hong Kong’s leisure travel economy. The long-term effects of the epidemic are yet unknown, but the city’s leisure tourist sector is still not back to full health.
Potential solutions include aiding companies financially, raising awareness about mental health, and enacting regulations to lessen inequality. The COVID-19 outbreak has severely affected Hong Kong’s leisure tourism industry. More than HK$50 billion in lost revenue from leisure travel has been estimated for Hong Kong. Workers in the industry are increasingly worried, depressed, and stressed out about their jobs’ futures. The COVID-19 epidemic has had a substantial influence on the leisure tourist business in Hong Kong, with both economic and social ramifications. Despite the sector’s propensity for bounce back, it’s conceivable it may never reach its pre-pandemic levels of activity. It will be vital to take steps to aid the industry’s recovery and make sure it’s ready for future pandemics.
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Demir, Ahmet, and Tonguc Isken. “An Academic Picture of Plastic Surgery from Past to Present: Bibliometric Analysis of Turkish Plastic Surgery Literature in International Journals (1976–2018).” Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery 27.3 (2019): 107. http://www.turkjplastsurg.org/article.asp?issn=1300-6878;year=2019;volume=27;issue=3;spage=107;epage=122;aulast=Demir

The study aims to understand the contribution that Turkey has made to the literature available to different readers on plastic surgery. It states that cosmetic surgery is a relatively innovative field that, as opposed to the other forms of surgery, is vas and relates to almost all the different anatomy parts. The paper’s authors looked for the documents published in Turkey between 1976 and 2018 and analyzed the changes that have been taking place in the field of cosmetic surgery. It also compares the papers from Turkey to those written from countries outside Turkey. It reaches the contribution of Turkey towards plastic surgery to the gift that other countries around the world have made. The paper will be crucial in the writing process as it will point out the origins of cosmetic surgery in Turkey and document its developments as it has been taking place in Turkey. It will help in understanding the position that the people in Turkey take when it comes to plastic surgery and whether they support it.

EmUler, Deniz Sezgin, and Mehmet SuProf han Ayhan. “Social media behavior in plastic surgery practice in Turkey.” Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery 29.4 (2021): 218. http://www.turkjplastsurg.org/article.asp?issn=1300-6878;year=2021;volume=29;issue=4;spage=218;epage=224;aulast=Emuler

The plastic surgeon has to have a way of reaching people, and one of the ways that they use to get people is the use of social media. The use of social media to achieve such a fete is very controversial. It should be met with some criticism, especially in a country like Turkey, where there is a lot of religious control over how people behave. The paper, hence examines the ease that the people respond to the information that doctors on plastic and reconstruction surgery share. The article also discusses the way that doctors are using the field of social media to promote their work. The paper is interested in the reception of the people of the information shared on social media platforms by the doctors to reach their customer base. The report will be crucial in understanding the position of the public when it comes to the issue of plastic surgery in Turkey. It will contribute to understanding the kind of reception that has been given to the medical practice in a country with stringent religious rules. It will also open up the reasoning of people towards plastic surgery.

Koyuncuoglu, Cenker Zeki, et al. “Preference of suture specifications in a selected periodontal and implant surgeries in Turkey.” European journal of dentistry 13.01 (2019): 108-113. https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0039-1688732

Several sutures and needles are available for surgeons to use in the surgery process—the choices of the doctors when it comes to dental surgery are different in so many different ways. Turkish dentists also have a preference for the materials that they need to use in the process of conducting their surgeries. The paper highlights the importance of the materials that the doctors in Turkey are willing to use and their effect on the people operated on. To do that, the paper conducted a dental survey of the people involved in dental surgery in Turkey and the materials the doctors use to conduct the procedures in all their cases. The survey was conducted by sending emails to the respondents or through Facebook. The paper will be crucial in understanding the type of materials used by doctors in treating their patients and how they affect the general response of the patients to the treatment that the doctors offer. In understanding the factors that influence how the Turkish people respond to the type of treatment provided in the field of plastic surgery, the choice of materials could play an important role that could influence the reception of the people.

MUSLU, Ümran. “Citation Analysis of Turkey Addressing Plastic Surgery Publications.” Biography 5: 0-791. http://www.set-science.com/manage/uploads/ISASWINTER-2019(HSS)_0087/SETSCI_ISASWINTER-2019(HSS)_0087_0038.pdf

The paper analyzes the publications on plastic surgery that have been done in Turkey over a period of time. It gives the background of plastic surgery, its origins, and how it has been done in Turkey over the past years. The paper combines all the other papers that have been published on plastic surgery in Turkey over some time. The article was interested in the trends that have taken place in the field of cosmetic surgery, the changes that have taken place, and how people have responded to the changes. The paper analyzed different publications from healthcare professionals as well as those that contain public opinions about the process of plastic surgery. The paper will be important in the research since it will elucidate the gains and the steps that the healthcare field has made in Turkey. It will also help in understanding the opinions that different professionals and clients have had on the use of plastic surgery and the successes that have been gained in the field in Turkey. Finally, the paper will contribute to the pool of knowledge on the reception of cosmetic surgery in Turkey and provide the reasons for it.