Symbols of culture are called artifacts. Artifacts are the most visible and accessible level of culture. These include behaviors, stories, rituals (everyday practices that are repeated frequently), and symbols (e.g., company logos, company colors). For example, the president of a company volunteering at Habitat for Humanity is an artifact of culture. An example of symbols as an artifact of culture is Ashford University’s shield that serves as our logo and is printed on transcripts, diplomas and letterhead paper. Submit a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages) describing the culture of either your current or past place of employment.

Your paper should provide examples of and address each of the following topics:

1. Observable artifacts
2. Espoused values (These are what organizational members say they value, like ethical practice.)
3. Enacted values (These are reflected in the way individuals actually behave.)

In addition, describe how each item listed above impacts the values and culture of the organization.Your paper must use a minimum of two scholarly sources, in addition to the textbook. Your paper must also follow the APA Style guide.

Organizational Behavior

1. List and briefly identify the seven foundation competencies that are needed by individuals to be successful in most professional and managerial positions.

2. Briefly define the dimensions of individualism and collectivism, and give an example of a country that tends to place an emphasis on each.

3. Identify and briefly describe what is meant by the “Big Five” personality factors.

4. Describe positive emotions and how they affect organizational performance.

5. Define perception and briefly list the basic elements in the perceptual process in the order in which they occur.

6. Explain why accuracy of judgment in person perception is important in the employment interview. Give an example of a common interview error.

7. Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning, and explain the relevance of each to organizational behavior.

8. List and explain the basic dimensions of the social learning theory, and describe how these dimensions are interrelated.

9. Differentiate between deficiency needs and growth needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.

10. Briefly explain the expectancy model of motivation.

The expectancy model of motivation is used by managers to demonstrate to other managers the importance of all human resource functions in creating a motivating environment. The theory model is followed in an organization with a strong possibility that the employees will be motivated.

11. Explain the role of goals and goal setting in organizations.

Goal setting is a tool that is used by organizations to assist in setting a direction and achieving it. Organizations set long- and short-term goals for , improving the quality, reducing some errors, become more customer focused, and building better internal and public relations.

12. Identify the reward systems that organizations use to enhance employee performance, and specify
which one is most likely to increase an organization’s profitability.

13. Differentiate between the concept of stress and the concept of stressors.

The stress is what you feel and the stressor is the event that causes the stress.

14. List and provide an example of each of the three main areas in which the effects of work stress may be manifest in people.

15. Briefly identify and explain the relationship between the various approaches available for stress management.