Samples

I. Introduction

As individuals, we all have distinctive viewpoints and life experiences that influence how we see and engage with the world. Working with others who differ in age, color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and physical or mental ability may lead to more diversified viewpoints and experiences. In this context, I will consider my personal experiences and prejudices, focusing on the diversity categories that I find the hardest to comprehend and bridge and the ones that I find the simplest. I will also look at my levels of self-efficacy and self-esteem to see how they affect my capacity to satisfy academic and professional standards. I contend that diversity is a complicated and nuanced subject throughout this setting. Accepting and bridging diversity is an unending process that requires individuals to be self-aware and make active efforts. Individuals must actively seek to comprehend and bridge diversity while also being aware of their prejudices and viewpoints to navigate and appreciate diversity within an organizational context.

II. Diversity category that is most difficult to understand and bridge

Personally, I feel that it may be especially difficult to comprehend and bridge the diverse category of physical and mental capacity. It may be difficult for me to completely comprehend and appreciate the distinct problems and views of others who do not have physical or mental limits since I have not directly dealt with them. Furthermore, it might be challenging for me to approach and communicate respectfully and empathetically with people that fall under this diverse group due to social stigmas and misunderstandings about physical and mental capacity.

However, I acknowledge the need to understand and bridge this diverse group to create a welcoming and equal workplace. I may try actively educating myself about the opinions and experiences of people with physical and mental impairments to comprehend and bridge this diversity category. This might include engaging in reading, attending seminars, and discovering the opinions and experiences of others who fall under this diversity group. Making a concerted effort to actively incorporate and recognize the contributions of workers with physical and mental impairments may also assist in bridging this diversity category.

Another tactic is to actively listen to and learn from those who have physical and mental problems. This involves being open-minded and nonjudgmental. Additionally, it’s critical to be accommodating and to promote inclusive policies and practices inside the business actively. I may endeavor to bridge this diversity category in a meaningful and respectful manner by seeking out new information and actively striving to understand and value the opinions and experiences of people with physical and mental impairments.

III. Diversity category that is easiest to understand and bridge

Compared to the diversity category of physical and mental ability, which I find more difficult to understand and traverse, the diversity category of race and ethnicity is one that I can comprehend and traverse with relative ease. I attribute this to my cosmopolitan background, the numerous people of other races and cultures I have met, and the vast range of experiences I have had. Maybe I find it easier to understand and relate to people of other races and ethnicities since these characteristics tend to be more outwardly visible and tangible.

Just because I find this variety less intimidating to explore and cross over doesn’t make it any less valuable or meaningful. A business might gain a lot by hearing and considering employees’ perspectives of different races and cultures. Providing just one example may lead to a more open and diverse workplace where all ideas and opinions are valued. Awareness of and respect for the perspectives of people of various racial and ethnic backgrounds also contribute to developing a more equitable and just society (Haveman et al., 2019).

By learning about and connecting with people of all races and ethnicities, I can help create a more welcoming and equitable workplace for everyone. The more people I talk to, the more I can learn about their perspectives and experiences. It might also help employees feel more connected to one another and the company, leading to increased cooperation, innovation, and output.

IV. Self-esteem and self-efficacy

My self-esteem and self-efficacy significantly influence my capacity to satisfy professional standards. Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capacity to complete certain activities or objectives (Kanter, 2019), while self-esteem is the individual’s overall feeling of worth and value (Ferreira). I would say that I normally have a good sense of self-worth. I have faith in my talents and am confident in them. This gives me the courage to pursue my objectives and dreams and positively embrace new tasks and obstacles.

Personally, I have a high level of self-efficacy because I have faith in my capacity to complete certain activities and reach particular objectives. This confidence in my talents gives me the energy and inspiration to take on challenging tasks and persevere in facing difficulties or disappointments. I can satisfy requirements at work and school with a feeling of resolve and resilience as a consequence.
It is crucial to remember that self-esteem and self-efficacy may change depending on the circumstance (Daft, 2020). My self-efficacy can briefly drop, for instance, if I am dealing with a difficult task or project. However, by acknowledging this and using coping mechanisms like positive self-talk and others, I may reclaim my confidence and go on with my objectives. Overall, my high levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy provide the groundwork for my ability to succeed in both my personal and professional life and satisfy academic and employment requirements.

V. Scenario of working under a tight deadline and a new coworker asking for help

Imagine that I am working under pressure when a new colleague begs me for assistance in comprehending a crucial report she must turn in to her management. My level of tension will likely be high in this situation since I have a deadline for completing my task. Although I generally tend to be a team player and problem solver, I can be extremely straightforward when necessary.
In this situation, I’m likely to react competently and effectively. I would inform the new employee that while I am working under pressure, I would be pleased to assist her in understanding the report as quickly as possible. In order to ensure that she gets the information she needs to complete the report on time, I would prioritize my work and arrange some time to help her.
My reaction will probably be helpful in how it affects the new employee. I’m showcasing my willingness to pitch in and work well with others. With the new employee, this might assist in creating trust and a good working relationship. It’s vital to be mindful of how my answer may be seen and to be sure to be as clear and courteous as possible. On the other hand, if the employee doesn’t know me well, my directness might be interpreted as rudeness.

VI. Nature vs. Nurture debate

There is continuous discussion over whether personality traits and differences are more influenced by nature or nurture. It’s crucial to realize that nature and nurture contribute to how we are. However, It is possible to get a more thorough understanding of human behavior and development by using a middle-ground approach that acknowledges the connection between heredity and environment.
Our physical and mental traits are mostly determined by genetics or nature (Houmark et al., 2020). Houmark et al. argue that Such attributes as IQ, impulsivity, and extraversion, for instance, have been demonstrated by studies to be strongly influenced by heredity. Through interactions and experiences, the environment, often known as “nurture,” modifies and molds these inherited inclinations. For instance, a kid who is naturally shy could learn to be more outgoing via fulfilling social interactions.
The research on identical twins who were split up at birth illustrates the interplay between nature and nurture. The diverse circumstances in which the twins were nurtured resulted in quite distinct personalities, interests, and experiences even though they have identical DNA (Houmark et al., 2020). This implies that although the environment significantly impacts molding some qualities, genetics have a role in defining the potential for certain traits. The interplay between nature and nurture is further highlighted by the discovery in epigenetics research that environmental influences may alter how our genes express themselves.

VII. Conclusion

In conclusion, comprehending and bridging diversity inside a business is a critical component of fostering a supportive and inclusive workplace. Although understanding and bridging differences in certain diversity categories may be more difficult, investing the time to educate oneself and actively seek knowledge may enhance empathy and connections with others. Recognizing how one’s self-efficacy and self-esteem affect one’s capacity to satisfy expectations may also aid people in their pursuit of personal growth and development. A middle-ground approach that acknowledges the connection between heredity and environment may give a more thorough understanding of human behavior and development. It is crucial to acknowledge that both nature and nurture play a part in forming our personalities and distinctions.

References

Daft, R. L. (2020). Organization theory & design. Cengage learning.

Ferreira, J., Mueller, J., & Papa, A. (2018). Strategic knowledge management: theory, practice, and future challenges. Journal of knowledge management, 24(2), 121-126.

Haveman, H. A., & Wetts, R. (2019). Organizational theory: From classical sociology to the 1970s. Sociology Compass, 13(3), e12627.

Houmark, M., Ronda, V., & Rosholm, M. (2020). The nurture of nature and the nature of nurture: How genes and investments interact in the formation of skills.

Kanter, R. M. (2019). The future of bureaucracy and hierarchy in organizational theory: a report from the field. In Social theory for changing society (pp. 63-93). Routledge.

The term “civilizing mission” was coined in the nineteenth century when European colonization was still a hot topic. The civilizing mission was an ever-evolving set of concepts and practices used to justify and legalize the foundation and continuation of overseas colonies during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of empire, both to subjugated peoples and to citizens or subjects in the homeland. Evidence of the genocidal nature of colonialism is sufficient to criticize the idea of a civilizing mission. In many cases, colonizers exploited the “civilizing mission” as an excuse to brutally repress and even wipe out the indigenous populations they encountered during their colonial conquests. This is especially true in European colonialism, which suggested that it was bringing civilization to most African regions by using the idea of a “civilizing mission.” The idea of a “civilizing mission” to justify colonialism was originally held in high regard, but it has since been severely panned for its insensitivity to the rights and agency of the people it oppressed. It is important to examine the idea of a “civilizing mission” thoroughly to comprehend the homicidal nature of colonialism.

Many colonizers justified their actions by arguing that they brought advancements in science, medicine, agriculture, and other fields to the colonized people. However, studies have demonstrated that these advanced methods were frequently employed for the colonizers’ benefit rather than the colonized. The colonization of Algeria provides the necessary historical background for making sense of the civilizing mission. The first source, “European Colonial Genocide in Algeria: The Construction of Imperial Hegemony and the Normalization of Genocide,” Chapter 3 of Busani Mpofu and Sabelo Ndlovu-book Gatsheni’s Security, Conflicts, and Peacebuilding in Africa, offers a critical analysis of the French colonial project in Algeria. The writers look at how the ruthless assimilation policy used by the French colonial mission to eradicate every component of native Algerian culture and replace it with French culture (Mpofu et al. 62). To do this, Algerians were forcibly relocated and resettled, indigenous cultural places were destroyed, and all forms of protest or opposition were violently put down.

This genocide occurred during the French conquest and occupation of Algeria when the French claimed to be on a “civilizing mission” that necessitated the expulsion of the indigenous population, the imposition of the French language and culture, and the elimination of those who fought against colonization. These measures were justified by the desire to “civilize” Algeria and incorporate the country into the French empire (Mpofu et al. 64). The fact that colonization intended to eradicate all remnants of indigenous culture and replace it with the French colonial mission exposes its murderous nature. Indigenous peoples’ autonomy and culture were erased, and they were portrayed as inferior and needing the “benefits” of French civilization through this story. The concept of the civilizing mission has to be criticized for its disregard for the rights and autonomy of the colonized peoples in light of the genocidal nature of colonialism.

The Europeans may have believed that they were bringing “progress” and “enlightenment” to the indigenous peoples of the Americas, yet, in truth, they were imposing their cultural ideas on the people they colonized. The second source is titled “Heart of Darkness” and was edited by Cedric Watts. It provides an in-depth analysis of how this “civilizing mission” was carried out within the context of European colonization of Africa. This work investigates European powers’ means, such as coercion, cruelty, and deception, to impose their will on the African continent (Watts 4). These methods included colonial slavery. This includes the enslavement of African people, the exploitation of African labour and resources, and the elimination of indigenous African cultures. During his travels, Marlow realizes that the indigenous people are not being “civilized” by the Europeans; rather, they use the indigenous people for their gain (Watts 6). In the meantime, he realized that the Europeans had kept the locals enslaved and cruelly treated them. The so-called “civilizing mission” that the Europeans undertook ultimately became Marlow’s greatest source of oppression and exploitation. This highlights the brutal nature of colonialism, which aimed to construct a new order in Africa dominated by Europeans while also erasing all traces of native African culture and civilization (Watts 8). As a result, millions of Africans were killed during this process.

Many people feel that civilizing missions are repressive and even genocidal. The Europeans weren’t trying to “civilize” their colonist as much as use them for their benefit rather than the other way around. In addition, the Europeans committed cultural genocide against the locals by trying to eradicate any traces of the Indians’ unique cultural heritage. Chapters 3 and 4 of Adu Boahen’s General History of Africa, VII: Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935, outline the colonial project’s civilizing goals. The work explores how European colonization attempted to impose European institutions, beliefs, and practices on African societies (Adu Boahen 29). This included the forced embrace of Christianity, eradicating of indigenous African religions, establishing of a European-style educational system, evading Africans from their homes and forced resettlement to communities of the same kind. These programs aimed to eradicate any indications of African culture and replace them with those of Europe (Adu Boahen 41). This demonstrates the homicidal nature of colonialism, which attempted to establish a new order in Africa ruled by Europeans while eradicating all traces of native African culture and civilization.

In addition, the civilizing mission was used as a pretext for Europeans’ violent and oppressive strategies to capture new colonies. These strategies included: For example, in General History of Africa, VII: Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935, author Adu Boahen says that the colonial powers used “indiscriminate violence” in their attempts to govern the African colonies. Boahen’s statement may be found in that section. In addition to the levelling of African homes and villages, this also included mass executions, detention, and torturing of their victims (Adu Boahen 26). The so-called “civilizing goal” of European colonization served to disguise the brutality of that system. The primary purpose of the mission to civilize the people of Africa was to advance and eventually develop their culture to bring it more in line with modern times and make the people of Africa appear more civilized. In light of this, it should come as no surprise that the civilizing mission ought to be critiqued for the role it plays in concealing the homicidal nature of colonialism.

The civilizing mission, which was used to justify and legitimize the construction and maintenance of overseas colonies, both to subject peoples and citizens or subjects in the motherland, was an ever-evolving collection of ideologies and methods during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Adu Boahen 27). Given the destructive character of colonialism, it is evident that the idea of a civilizing mission could be more helpful to the indigenous peoples involved. Instead, it served as a mechanism through which colonialists oppressed and exploited colonial populations. As a result, it is evident that the idea of a “civilizing mission” was a crucial component of colonial ideology. This ideology aimed to defend colonialism by asserting that colonial powers were a force for advancement, enlightenment, and civilization. However, the displacement and eradication of indigenous peoples, cultures, and societies indicate that this was actually a genocidal mission, as revealed by a critical analysis of the sources. This exposes the true essence of colonialism, which was instead a mission of exploitation, domination, and destruction rather than advancement and enlightenment.

Works Cited

Adu Boahen, Albert. General History of Africa, VII: Africa under colonial domination, 1880-1935. Unesco, 1985.

Mpofu, Busani, and Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni. “Introduction: Security, Conflicts and Peacebuilding in Africa.” (2018): 1-13. Chapter 3: “European Colonial Genocide in Algeria: The Construction of Imperial Hegemony and the Normalization of Genocide”

Watts, Cedric. Heart of darkness. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008.

The significance of searching for credible sources to conduct research cannot be overstated. However, depending on ambiguous sources will challenge the credibility of the information, thus making arguments seem less believable. It is, therefore, crucial to acknowledge the credibility of a source and make it much more trustworthy. A deeper understanding of depth, currency, and objectivity is needed to understand purpose and authority (Belotto, 2018). Based on the subject, the definition of any credible source differs. Generally, for academic writing, a credible source remains unbiased and is reinforced by a piece of supporting evidence. While writing research papers, a researcher or writer must make sure that they use and cite reputable sources in the process.

Describe techniques used in decision-making

A stepwise decision-making approach may make a researcher more intelligent and cautious by organizing meaningful information and noting the options systematically.

Stepladder ladder approach

The technique entails going up and down the ladder. The approach inspires all team members to express their ideas on a particular subject before other groups’ ideas can convince others. In so doing, it eliminates groupthink and inspires honesty and authenticity in the team members’ responses.

The Delphi Approach

This technique was developed during the 1960s. It is an alternative while reaching a group consensus on critical decisions (Li et al., 2018). This incorporates all created ideas by a team and gives them to the leader of a group, who then synthesizes them into manageable considerable, and viable approaches. As a result, fewer possibilities are taken to the group to discuss and deliberate wholly. These options are essentially narrowed until the majority of those present reach an amicable conclusion. The concept is that when fewer options are accessible, a researcher and the team members will be capable of reaching an inevitable conclusion that is more accessible and with a higher level of collective agreement.

The use of the Weighted Scoring System

It is an excellent tool that can be employed in cases where a team has many ramifications for potential solutions but has yet to consume time to examine each choice’s ramifications thoroughly. In order to identify if methods or ideas have more risks than others, the weighted scoring approach is focused on the principle that the ramifications of straightforward approaches or ideas should be considered. All items are assessed concerning numerous criteria like the business value risks, costs, and the potential of acceptability and its impact on the overall scores. The approach that most researchers look for must offer a higher corporate value, become universally adopted, and be low-risk and cost-effective during the implementation stage. After providing each suggestion, it is due consideration that one can add up the scores and make a better team choice.

The Nominal Group technique

This technique develops the brainstorming dialogue by introducing a process of voting referred to at the end, which enables higher participation (Hugé & Mukherjee, 2018). In addition to casting votes, all group members are offered a chance to account for why they chose the alternative they think would suit them. One can use the nominal group approach in various ways based on the discussed topic. On the other hand, when the subject is contentious or delicate, one should focus on engaging the team using a poll that gives them the option to be anonymous. Also, the approach can be used throughout meetings as a part of an open forum format.

Ranking of possibilities

In ranking possibilities, teams should select the best options by voting on them, and after that, make an ideas inventory that is being considered. After attempting to reach a consensus on the issue or question with a broader range of potential outcomes, it might be an efficient approach in decision-making. The approach can be employed in various situations, such as live meetings, surveys, and emails. To acquire an agreement, a researcher should begin by asking everybody to make a personal list of their ranking of various approaches and options. After that, they can combine the average of the most substantive option, then proceed confidently, knowing that most people support and accept the decision.

Examining decision-making models

Making decisions based on Reason

In order to exploit the quality of different outcomes, decision-makers must examine numerous processes that the rational decision-making model explains (He & Jiang, 2018). Following the formal strategies in the rational decision-making model could be beneficial if one wants to ensure one makes the best possible options.

Making “Good Enough” Decisions

All individuals have restrictions in their decision-making processes that the limited model of rationality acknowledges. The finest alternative is selected without completing a thorough search for alternatives per this paradigm since humans consciously restrict their potential to manageable numbers and select the best alternative.

Making decisions based on intuition

Intuition-based decisions imply that one randomly selects the right choice and is commonly called “gut instinct .”Many individuals’ gut instinct is focused on the patterns and experiences they encounter around them. Individuals make intuitive judgments and draw on their earlier knowledge to reinforce their choice.

Apply decision-making techniques

Decision-making techniques can be applied in a myriad of ways.

Determining the decisions to make. When a researcher realizes they should make a choice, they should attempt to state the decision that researchers make as clearly as they can.

Compiling all relevant information. Before deciding, researchers should gather pertinent information, the information required, the most reliable sources, and ways of acquiring the information. Throughout the level, internal and external labor is needed. A specific knowledge level is internal, and one should seek it through self-assessment.

Identifying different available options. As researchers gather information, they will probably come up with multiple action plans, commonly referred to as alternatives. Researchers can utilize their imaginations and other facts to develop newer possibilities (He & Jiang, 2018).

Evaluating the expected evidence. The researcher should utilize their emotions and knowledge to visualize how it could be when they follow through with all possibilities up to the finish line.

Ten elements to determine a credible source: news, websites, articles, and facts.

• Time: The revision or publication time should be determined to examine if the data is up to date. It is crucial since old data can be utilized for background study; however, a study in various subjects like technology and science needs current sources.
• Content: It is essential to check if the data is just the author’s opinion or presents various facts. Also, the user should look if the source has links to the other sources or contains the original information. This should be checked since users frequently become frustrated once the source has other sources listed in the links (Nygren & Guath, 2019). The user considers the source most credible if they instantly obtain the appropriate data.
• Authority: Information is regarded as credible when its author has several degrees or credentials in a field. Therefore, it should be regarded if the data can be verified or if the article’s authors have the authority in the subject section (Nygren & Guath, 2019). This is important since, for clarification, the article’s author can be communicated.
• Publisher: Credibility can still be investigated by checking the organization’s reputation behind a source. The websites are regarded to be scholarly when the university press issues them.
• References List: Checking the work cited list can still determine credibility. This is important since if the sources are reliable and credible, the data in the source will still be reliable.
• Intended Audience: The source intended users should be checked by investigating the table of content, preface, and index to know the sources’ pitch, tone, and depth. It is crucial since if the source’s info is too dedicated to one’s requirements, and one can misinterpret the data.
• Reviews: Reviews can still be looked toward determining what other users say concerning the source. This is important in knowing if there is fundamental controversy concerning the validity of the source. In such a case, one can evade utilizing the source.
• Identify Bias: Knowing if the source’s author is biased is important since when the author is emotionally or financially linked with a subject, therefore can be the probability that information is not written relatively.
• Funds and Awards: The user should determine the rewards won by the source and the agencies presenting those rewards. The funds’ websites and articles for the research done by the article should still be known since it can assist in recognizing the potential effects of the research.
• Accuracy: If a source presents correct information, the source is regarded as credible. To know the accuracy, one can check the data contrary to other sources or various other data on which one has some understanding (Nygren & Guath, 2019). This is important in checking if the data is positioned on a source for just advertising.

References

Belotto, M. J. (2018). Data analysis methods for qualitative research: Managing the challenges of coding, interrater reliability, and thematic analysis. The Qualitative Report, 23(11), 2622-2633. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol23/iss11/2/

Li, H., Zhang, X., Ng, S. T., & Skitmore, M. (2018). Quantifying stakeholder influence in decision/evaluations relating to sustainable construction in China–A Delphi approach. Journal of cleaner production, pp. 173, 160–170. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652617308818

Hugé, J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). The nominal group technique in ecology & conservation: Application and challenges. Methods in ecology and evolution, 9(1), 33–41. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/2041-210X.12831

He, Z., & Jiang, W. (2018). An evidential Markov decision-making model. Information Sciences, 467, 357-372. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020025518306170

Nygren, T., & Guath, M. (2019). Swedish teenagers’ difficulties and abilities to determine digital news credibility. Nordicom Review, 40(1), 23-42. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331230259_Swedish_teenagers’_difficulties _and_abilities_to_determine_digital_news_credibility

The main role of Health Management Information Systems during emergencies is to determine the need to allocate resources appropriately. It focuses on quantifying the gap experienced in the healthcare sector in sustains where the trouble is inevitable. To avoid the avoid, the health management information system provides statistics and analyzes them in the prevailing emergencies. The HMIS includes information on the importance of the needs and various coping mechanisms and the capacity of the affected population by the crisis. to come up with coping m, tools; the HMIS employs rapid assessment techniques, nutrition surveys on the people, disease surveillance and supplying drugs and medicines to all humanitarian workers.

Health management information systems can trigger the decisions to provide resource allocation guidelines and help develop planning programs. Such programs are provided with disease surveillance data by healthcare facilities in areas where diseases are reported daily.in such cases, the HMIS provides laboratory services that help them to report confirmed cases, for example, in cases of cholera or typhoid outbreak. Surveys are used to approximate mortality rate and nutritional status to obtain the population data .this methods used by HMIS serve the same purpose, with an objective of the burdens of generating samples without considering the statistics. The sampling method is commonly used during emergencies because it is simple to apply and implement.

Health management information systems collaborate with agencies to generate resources and determine operations’ capacity in the affected areas. This helps to assess the extent of a good return on investment that remains to be tested. In such actions, it may be easier for donors to be attracted by the joint efforts to cater to the prevailing emergency. This will ensure that a pool of resources will be created to cater to emergencies .apart from that, a well-funded HIS provides conditions that enhance the credibility of statistics.

These systems also help health care providers to get macro environments information easily; an example is the health trends of the population. They also give information to health care organizations used for treatment which is known for the best outcomes. Doctors also use the information to make decisions regarding the facets of patient care. This helps where a patient’s medical history is needed, and with the help of the health management information systems, it can be easily accessed. The information helps in developing a comprehensive care unit for many patients during emergencies.

References

Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Yang, J., Wang, J., Zhai, X., Bärnighausen, T., & Wang, C. (2020). Fangcang shelter hospitals: a novel concept for responding to public health emergencies. The Lancet, 395(10232), 1305-1314.

Kaplan, B. (2020). Revisiting health information technology ethical, legal, and social issues and evaluation: telehealth/telemedicine and COVID-19. International journal of medical informatics, 143, 104239.

Ye, J. (2020). The role of health technology and informatics in a global public health emergency: practices and implications from the COVID-19 pandemic. JMIR medical informatics, 8(7), e19866.

The social context in sociology is crucial because it clarifies how people in the same society interact with one another. Social context aids in describing the actual physical and communal environment in which events occur or develop. A person’s cultural background and physical surroundings are social contexts that influence their thinking, conduct, societal roles, mode of dressing, and food. In major past events such as the industrial revolution and world war I that occurred between 1776 and 1914, a community’s social context can be altered, thus resulting in a change in individuals’ societal roles. Therefore, this paper will elaborate on how social context influenced the work of significant sociologists such as Frederich Engels, Karl Marx, Emilie Durkheim, and Max Weber between 1776 and 1914 in Europe.

Europe’s Social Transformation

There were significant sociological changes that occurred in Europe between 1776 and 1914. The French Revolution was the primary event in Europe at that time (Barzun et al., 2022, ch.9). The revolution affected Europe’s social and cultural framework, which changed how individuals interacted. More individuals were in the socioeconomic middle class, and recreational activities underwent a radical change. Traditional popular pastimes included gambling and animal competitions, which were seen as primitive and unproductive. In the new period, individuals were more concerned with their development and the well-being of their families. Therefore, the French Revolution significantly influenced the social transformation in Europe.

Frederich Engels

Frederich Engels was a remarkable economist who founded his work on the Marxist theory. Engels critiqued traditional political economy’s value theory and identified numerous flaws (Mavroudeas, 2020, p.2). The French Revolution played a huge role in influencing modern communism. Therefore, Engels was interested in how workers secured necessities such as housing in that era. During the period, the bourgeoisie proposed workers own houses by paying small installments. The idea did not sit well with Frederich; therefore, he sought to use his work to abolish the exploitation of workers in the era.

Karl Marx

Economic philosopher Karl Marx wrote extensively about the advent of capitalism throughout the industrial revolution. He was particularly intrigued by how the industrial division of labor allowed employers to exert control over the production process in ways that were not achievable using more conventional methods (p.17). Marx became interested in this topic because changes in the workforce influenced societal ideals. Marx highlighted in his writings that throughout the new revolution, workers were taught virtues like punctuality, obedience, and self-discipline through penalties, sermons, and financial inducements. Therefore, a change in society’s value system influences Mark’s work.

Emilie Durkheim

The social order was the focus of Emile Durkheim’s work as a leading sociologist in France. Durkheim was concerned with social regulation and how market forces sped up and deregulated societal norms in sociology (p.16). Emile believed that standard personal norms, beliefs, and values made up the traditional society. However, modern society was connected to individuals’ reliance on the division of labor. Specialization led to dependence on survival, thus undermining the conventional bonds of mechanical solidarity.

Max Weber

German sociologist and political economist Max Weber worked to popularize social sciences in his country. The protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism were Max Weber’s significant contributions to sociology (Aloysius Jondar et al., 2022, p.1057). In his rationalization theory, Weber sought that disenchantment of society led to the shift from religious to ration motives for action. Rationalization resulted from the goals assigned to institutions such as the government and the means allocated to accomplish the objectives. Therefore, Weber’s work was influenced by society’s shift from religion to rational motives.

In conclusion, the social context has influenced prominent sociologists to understand how people interact in the community. Prominent sociologists such as Max Weber, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Frederich Engels sought to explain societal changes during the French Revolution. Engels focused on modern communism, Weber major on rationalization, Durkheim expounded on the shift to reliance, and Marx the difference in the production process. Therefore, social context plays a vital role in understanding sociology.

References

Aloysius Jondar, Donna Sampaleng, Fransana. P. Johannes de Fretes, & Daniel, D. (2022). Understanding Max Weber’s thoughts on capitalism in Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science, 1(6), 1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v1i6.2224

Barzun, J., Aubin, Hermann, Peters, Edward, Treasure, Geoffrey Russell Richards, Parker N. Geoffrey, Weinstein, Donald, Herrin, Judith Eleanor, Frassetto, Michael, Stearns, Peter N. Champion, Timothy C.,

Herlihy, David, Mayne, Richard J. Salmon, John Hearsey McMillan, and Sørensen, Marie-Louise Stig (2022). History of Europe. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe

Mavroudeas, S. (2020). Friedrich Engels and his contribution to marxism. Human Geography, 13(2), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942778620937123

Introduction

The question of nature versus nurture in human evolution has been an ongoing debate among biologists and sociologists alike, as it has significant implications for our understanding of the history of human beings and the genetic profiles of certain groups of society. This essay will examine how this hypothesis has affected our knowledge of human evolution and how it has specifically affected the genetic makeup of diverse societal groups. This essay aims to provide an understanding of the role of nature and nurture in human evolution and its potential implications for particular social groups by examining the evidence put forth by both sides.

Literature review

Over the years, anthropologists have tried to figure out what has caused humans to evolve at such a startling rate compared to other animals like apes and gorillas, which have nearly identical behavioral traits. It is through this research and observations that two theories were initiated. Firstly the theory of nature suggests people behave as they do because they are animals who primarily act according to their instincts which are influenced by their genetic inheritance and other biological factors. On the other hand, the theory of nurture states that various human behaviors are based on genetics and an individual’s environment. Therefore, in this regard, it is clear that genetics form a crucial component in the existence of all living organisms, both in the past and present, to ensure that evolution occurs.
Nature refers to the genetic factors that influence human behavior and development. It is believed that certain traits, such as intelligence, personality, and physical characteristics, are determined by genetic factors. Studies have shown that genetics play a significant role in developing certain traits, such as height and eye color. Additionally, twin studies have shown that identical twins are more likely to share similar characteristics and behaviors than fraternal twins, indicating a strong genetic influence.
Nurture refers to the environmental factors that influence human behavior and development. It is believed that certain traits, such as intelligence, personality, and physical characteristics, are shaped by ecological factors, such as the child’s upbringing, education, and social environment. Studies have shown that environmental factors can significantly impact the development of specific traits, such as intelligence and personality. Additionally, studies have shown that children raised in different cultures and socioeconomic environments have other behaviors and traits.

Concerning evolution, the nature versus nurture debate in human development is complex and multidimensional. While genetics play a significant role in developing certain traits, environmental factors also play a critical role. Research suggests that genetic and environmental factors contribute to human behavior and trait development.

Research Methodology

Personal traits

In order to achieve our desired outcomes, several methods are applied to determine the impact of nature vs. nurture on human evolution, which entails several ways. Firstly, research has been conducted by some scientists to evaluate the effects of nature and nurture on the genetic traits of an underprivileged group to determine whether natural genetic features are ever-changing or are predetermined since birth. Nature was

Intelligence Quotient

To achieve our goal, the intelligence quotient was measured between identical twins and those who were fraternal. This was done by giving them an exam and recording the aggregate scores they each obtained individually. It was observed that identical twins showcased a higher intelligence quotient than fraternal twins as they not only got high scores but were almost similar. Another test was conducted on the IQ of privileged students or in a better environment, i.e., had access to better infrastructure than those who had none. It was observed that those who were well-privileged with better resources showcased higher IQs than their counterparts with few resources.

Sexual orientation

The research was done to see whether an individual orientation was impacted by their genetic makeup or was just influenced by their environment. Throughout this test, it was concluded that most individuals’ sexual orientation, whether homosexual or straight, was impacted mainly by nature compared to their environment or nurture.

Results

Personal traits

Through these studies, they acknowledged that the traditional understanding of the nature vs. nurture debate has been that the genetic traits of individuals are predetermined and unchangeable. However, their study found that the environment, or nurture, has a much more significant impact on the genetic characteristics of underprivileged groups than initially believed.
The authors found that environmental factors, such as poverty, directly impact individuals’ genetic makeup, leading to changes in their genetic traits. This suggests that the environment can be a powerful tool for influencing the genetic traits of individuals, even in cases where their genetic makeup is predetermined. As such, the authors conclude that nature and nurture both play an important role in determining the genetic traits of individuals and that to ensure a healthier and more equitable society, it is essential to take both into account. ((Collins et al., 2000, p. 218-232)

Intelligent Quotient

Throughout the years, researchers have identified that nature and nurture play a pivotal role in forming personal traits in human beings, whether in behavior or academic performance in learning institutions. To achieve desired results, research is primarily conducted on identical twins who tend to have similar traits to each other compared to adopted or fraternal twins. However, these same study designs allow for examining the environment and genes. Adoption studies also measure the strength of shared family effects directly. Identical twins share every gene, while fraternal twins share roughly half of their genes.
Given that identical and fraternal twins share the same environment, researchers were able to separate genetic and environmental factors, allowing them to reasonably attribute any IQ difference between identical and fraternal twins to DNA. Specific brain regions were discovered to be highly heritable by the researchers. It found a nearly similar correlation between identical twins’ IQ scores. While random pairs of people should not correlate, fraternal twins showed a degree of correlation between their IQ scores. It was, however, less similar than that of identical twins. This suggests that genetic factors play a significant role in intelligence development.
(“Genetic and environmental contributions to IQ in adoptive and biological families with 30-year-old offspring,” 2021).

Sexual orientation

According to most people, society plays a huge role in the sexual orientation of an individual, in contrast to the researchers who attribute this to an individual’s genetic makeup. Various explanations for why someone would be gay have been proposed. For much of the twentieth century, homosexuality was considered a mental illness. According to a recent Psychology Today article, the American Psychological Association did not wholly remove homosexuality from the DSM, a system of classification used to define mental disorders, until 1987. According to researchers, children are known to conform to their sexual orientation only after reaching a certain age. In this way, researchers have established that the environment plays little to no impact on whether a child’s sexual orientation is affected or not.

Conclusion

The nature versus nurture debate in human evolution is a complex and ongoing discussion. While genetics play a significant role in developing specific traits, environmental factors also play a critical role. Research suggests that genetic and environmental factors contribute to human behavior and trait development. The debate has implications for certain groups of society, and it is essential to consider the impact of genetic and environmental factors in understanding human behavior and development.
The nature versus nurture debate is highly relevant to how society defines and understands different groups. Human evolution and inheritance are complex topics, and knowing how all the varying factors shape each individual in play is essential. While the scientific community is still sorting out all the details, it is clear that genetics, environment, and individual choices strongly influence our lives and the lives of different people. This debate calls for more research to understand how genetics and environment function together to shape a person and how our beliefs and actions impact those around us.

References

Bailey, J. M., Vasey, P. L., Breedlove, L. M., Vilan, S. M., & Epprecht, E. (2016). Sexual orientation, controversy, and science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(2), 45-101. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1529100616637616

Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). American Psychologist. Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture, 55(2), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218

Genetic and environmental contributions to IQ in adoptive and biological families with 30-year-old offspring. (2021, September). PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8513766/

Nature vs. nurture – The debate examined – Difference and comparison | Diffen. (n.d.). Diffen – Compare Anything. Diffen. Discern. Decide. https://www.diffen.com/difference/Nature_vs_Nurture

USDA (SNAP Program)

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is a federal department in the US government that deals with food intelligence. It is responsible for farming and helps execute the laws surrounding this field (Rummo et al., 2019). In addition to farming, USDA is responsible for forestry, rural economic development, and food. As per the responsibilities bestowed upon the USDA, the development of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) helps with matters regarding food. Therefore, the USDA’s SNAP program is a federal program that provides leadership on food.

SNAP, also known as Food Stamp Program, helps individuals and families with low income to purchase food by providing financial assistance. The USDA designed this program to ensure that people access food with all required nutrients despite their financial constrain. The program supports these low-income individuals to access nutritious food by giving them Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) card (Rummo et al., 2019). Individuals or families can use the EBT card to purchase food from specific retailers authorized by the USDA. However, to be eligible for the program, one has to pass for low income that is limited for use. Other factors for eligibility to get the EBT card include expenses, resources, and household size. Moreover, the program is only temporary because the beneficiaries are expected to get jobs and become self-sufficient.

Goals of the USDA (SNAP) Program

One of the goals of the SNAP program is to fight hunger among citizens of the US. It is one of the essential programs that has helped feed millions in the past years. According to Rosenbaum et al. (2020), “In 2021, SNAP helped an average of 41 million people in the United States afford a nutritionally adequate diet each month.” It is an anti-hunger program whose primary goal is to fight hunger and ensure that people can access food. The second goal of the SNAP program is to provide financial assistance to low-income individuals and families. It provides them with EBT cards for purchasing food in authorized retail food shops. Finally, the program aims to provide nutrition education to the public. This will help prevent health problems related to nutrition and improve access to health care.

Oversight of the SNAP Program

The USDA oversees the SNAP program. The program has grown over the years, and the cost has doubled. The USDA has allowed the program’s expansion and eligibility of the beneficiaries to ensure that it helps as many people as possible. The USDA adopted the BBCE policies that helped expand eligibility for people who come from low-income families. Therefore, the USDA oversees the SNAP program and its guidelines.

Budget of the SNAP Program

Each year, the average amount spent on the SNAP program is about $113.74 billion. However, the program has expanded over the years leading to an increase in cost and expenditure. Analysis by Rummo et al. (2019) shows that in the fiscal year 2021, the USDA spent $182.5 billion on the food and nutrition program. This is a 49% increase from the fiscal year 2020, which was at $122.8 billion.

Effectiveness of the SNAP Program

The USDA SNAP program is effective based on its massive help to US citizens. Several studies have proved its effectiveness in hunger and poverty prevention. According to research by Rosenbaum et al. (2020), “SNAP reduces poverty and food security.” The program provides financial assistance to low-income individuals and improves health and economic outcomes. Moreover, according to the USDA, “SNAP participation for six months was associated with a five to ten percent decrease in food insecurity.”

The program is notably efficient and effective in handling its responsibilities. The USDA has ensured that the SNAP program has achieved its goals of decreasing poverty and hunger. However, there are instances of fraud and abuse that can be addressed through the incorporation of congressional authorization. The agency budget is sufficient for the program because it is a temporal program that helps individuals access nutritious food until they get a job and become self-sufficient.

References

Rosenbaum, D., Bolen, E., Neuberger, Z., & Dean, S. (2020). USDA, states must act swiftly to deliver food assistance allowed by the Families First Act. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2020. https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/3-20-20fa.pdf

Rummo, P. E., Noriega, D., Parret, A., Harding, M., Hesterman, O., & Elbel, B. E. (2019). Evaluating a USDA program that gives SNAP participants financial incentives to buy fresh produce in supermarkets. Health Affairs, 38(11), 1816-1823. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00431

In the seminal article “Ingroup Experts and Peers as Social Vaccines who Inoculate the Self-Concept: The Stereotype Inoculation Model,” Nilanjana Dasgupta advances a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex factors that contribute to the underrepresentation of women and racial minorities in high-achievement positions in professional life. Through a detailed examination of the literature on intergroup disparities and discrimination, Dasgupta argues that while these factors certainly play a role, they do not fully explain the phenomenon.

Instead, Dasgupta posits that individuals tend to gravitate towards achievement domains that align with their ingroup stereotypes and away from domains that deviate too far from these stereotypes (Dasgupta, 2011). This tendency to conform to ingroup stereotypes, in turn, contributes to the underrepresentation of women and minorities in specific fields, particularly in STEM-related jobs. To address this issue, Dasgupta proposes the concept of “stereotype inoculation,” which involves providing individuals with positive exposure to ingroup experts and peers who can serve as role models and counteract the adverse effects of stereotypes (Dasgupta, 2011). Specifically, Dasgupta argues that interactions between young women and female mentors are crucial in encouraging young women to pursue STEM-related careers.

In the commentary article “Inoculations Old and New,” Joshua Aronson and Matthew McGlone critically examine Dasgupta’s proposed model. While they agree with the overall premise that exposure to positive role models can counteract the adverse effects of stereotypes, they raise concerns about the potential limitations and unintended consequences of the stereotype inoculation approach (Dasgupta, 2011). Conversely, Dasgupta’s article and the commentary by Aronson and McGlone provide valuable insights into the complex factors contributing to the underrepresentation of women and minorities in high-achievement positions in professional life. Future research in this area should focus on further testing and refining the stereotype inoculation model and exploring this approach’s potential limitations and unintended consequences. Further research should also investigate the intersectionality of various identity groups and how they may play a role in professional achievement.

Historically disadvantaged groups, such as women and racial minorities, often experience a heightened need for social belonging, which can lead them to pursue academic and professional fields that align with their ingroup stereotypes. This can result in a lack of representation in high-stakes professions, as individuals may fear being a minority in those fields. To address this issue, Nilanjana Dasgupta proposes the concept of “stereotype inoculation,” which involves providing individuals with positive exposure to ingroup experts and peers who serve as role models and counteract the adverse effects of stereotypes (Dasgupta, 2011). Dasgupta’s stereotype inoculation model posits that exposure to successful members of one’s identity group can protect and inoculate an individual’s self-concept against harmful stereotypes, much like a biomedical vaccine protects and inoculates the physical body against harmful bacteria (Dasgupta, 2011). . This exposure can lead to increased self-efficacy, greater freedom to pursue any academic or professional route, and a sense of social belonging.

Furthermore, the model emphasizes that social belonging is facilitated by ingroup peers and experts and by the impact of outgroup members on the environment and the sense of belonging experienced by underrepresented groups (Aaronson & McGlone, 2011). The model posits that belonging is essential for minority groups, enabling them to overcome negative stereotypes and increase their self-efficacy.

Notably, Dasgupta’s stereotype inoculation model offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex factors that contribute to the underrepresentation of women and minorities in high-stakes professions and provides a potential solution through the promotion of positive role models and social belonging. Further research should focus on testing and refining the model and exploring the potential limitations and unintended consequences of the stereotype inoculation approach (Aaronson & McGlone, 2011). Further research should also investigate the intersectionality of various identity groups and how they may play a role in professional achievement.

In Dasgupta’s stereotype inoculation model, successful role models or peers who share the same identity as the individual being influenced serve to affirm the individual’s sense of belonging and competence in a particular field. This affirmation helps to counteract the adverse effects of stereotypes and contextual cues that may question the individual’s sense of belonging and competence. The model suggests that even explicit instances of sexism, when used as a “vaccine,” can challenge individuals to prove the stereotype wrong and increase their motivation and effort.

However, the commentary article raises concerns about the accuracy of the inoculation metaphor in Dasgupta’s model. Medically, the term inoculation refers to the administration of a weakened form of a virus to stimulate the body’s immune system and make the person immune to the effects of that virus (Aaronson & McGlone, 2011). In contrast, the stereotype inoculation model does not involve a weakened form of a stereotype but rather positive exposure to successful role models who share the same identity as the individual being influenced.

Additionally, the commentary article raises questions about the effects of role models on disadvantaged groups. While Dasgupta’s work suggests that role models play a crucial role in inspiring individuals from minority groups to pursue careers in stereotyped fields, the commentary article questions whether the influence of role models is implicit or explicit. It cites an experiment called the “Obama Effect,” in which Black children were reported to be more engaged in education following Barack Obama’s presidential win, suggesting that he served as a role model and that minority children believed they too could attain such success. Overall, the commentary article highlights the need for further research to refine and test the stereotype inoculation model and to explore this approach’s potential limitations and unintended consequences.

In her article, “Ingroup Experts and Peers as Social Vaccines who Inoculate the Self-Concept: The Stereotype Inoculation Model,” Nilanjana Dasgupta posits that a combination of factors plays a crucial role in pushing historically disadvantaged groups away from high-achievement positions in professional life (Aaronson & McGlone, 2011). She argues that people tend to gravitate toward fields that feel comfortable and conform to ingroup stereotypes rather than deviating from them and pursuing other achievement domains.

The stereotype inoculation model proposed by Dasgupta posits that exposure to admired experts and peers from one’s identity group can protect and inoculate one’s self-concept against harmful stereotypes, much like biomedical vaccines protect and inoculate our physical body against harmful bacteria (Aaronson & McGlone, 2011). She argues that interactions between young women and female mentors in STEM fields are particularly essential in encouraging young women to pursue careers in these fields.

However, the commentary article “Inoculations Old and New,” by Joshua Aronson and Matthew McGlone, raises concerns about the accuracy of the inoculation metaphor used in Dasgupta’s model. They argue that, unlike medical inoculation, the stereotype inoculation model does not involve giving a weakened form of a stereotype to a person’s mind. Instead, it involves exposing them to successful role models and peers from their identity group (Aaronson & McGlone, 2011). Furthermore, they question whether the influence of role models is implicit or explicit and whether the inoculation model accounts for factors such as happiness and job satisfaction (Aaronson & McGlone, 2011). Future research should focus on understanding the implicit and explicit influences of role models and peers on individuals’ motivation and self-concept, as well as how these influences may change depending on the stage of their academic and professional growth. Additionally, research should explore the role of other factors, such as job satisfaction and happiness, in predicting success and achievement in professional fields.

In conclusion, Dasgupta’s stereotype inoculation model provides a theoretical framework for understanding the underrepresentation of women and minorities in STEM careers. The model posits that the need for social belonging, particularly among historically disadvantaged groups, is a significant factor in determining their academic and professional pursuits. Successful role models or peers from the same identity group can be a powerful affirmation of one’s competence and sense of belonging, enabling one to contest the negative stereotypes and contextual cues that may question their inclusion in these fields. However, the model has been met with some criticisms, particularly regarding the accuracy of the inoculation metaphor and the efficacy of role models, both implicit and explicit. Therefore, further research is needed to explore these issues and enhance the model’s predictive power. Additionally, it is essential to note that it is not always a matter of success, and factors like happiness and comfort in the specific domain should also be considered.

References

Aronson, J., & McGlone, M. S. (2011). Inoculations old and new. Psychological Inquiry, 22(4), 252–254.

Dasgupta, N. (2011). Ingroup experts and peers as social vaccines who inoculate the self-concept: The stereotype inoculation model. Psychological Inquiry, 22(4), 231–246.

Terry Malloy, the protagonist of Elia Kazan’s 1954 film “On the Waterfront,” is inspired to speak out against corruption in the waterfront unions after getting spiritual advice from his priest. In Peter Glenville’s 1964 film “Beckett,” the protagonist, Samuel Beckett, is a devout Catholic who struggles with his religion and existential agony. Catholicism serves as a source of peace and guidance for him. Steven Spielberg’s 1993 film “Schindler’s List” depicts Catholicism as a source of resistance and hope against the horrors of the Holocaust through the story of a Catholic, Itzhak Stern, who aids Oskar Schindler in saving the lives of Jews during World War II.

During the 20th century, Catholicism experienced significant internal and external changes. The “modernist” movement, which strove to modernize Catholic teaching and practice, grew rapidly. This requires a more skeptical view of Church history and tradition and a larger focus on individual conscience and the use of reason in interpreting religious texts. Pope Pius X released the encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis in 1907, in which he referred to modernism as a “synthesis of all errors” in opposition to the modernist movement. As a result, the Church went through a period of repression and censorship known as the “anti-modernist crusade.” The rise of liberation theology during the twentieth century was another significant shift within Catholicism (Black). In the 1960s, this movement evolved in Latin America, focusing on the need for social justice and the emancipation of oppressed peoples, especially the poor. Marxist theories were prominently exploited, and Latin America’s contemporary socioeconomic and political context was a major influence. The Vatican and numerous bishops criticized this theology because of its perceived threat to official Church doctrine and apparent attempt to combine Marxism and Christianity (Gilbert).

Terry Malloy is moved to speak against corruption in the waterfront unions by his priest Father Barry in the 1954 film “On the Waterfront” by Elia Kazan, highlighting the good power of religion. The relationship between Terry and Father Barry serves as the impetus for Terry’s spiritual enlightenment as the film explores guilt, remorse, and morality (Dick 236-238). Terry is encouraged by Father Barry, a kind and brave man, to risk his life by speaking out against the dishonest union executives. Father Barry assists Terry in overcoming his fear and confronting the corruption haunting the docks. The Catholic faith is portrayed favorably throughout the film as the source of Terry’s personal growth.

At the turn of the twentieth century, as Hollywood expanded, so did its problems. Both the murders of prominent film industry figures and the murders of strong figures themselves were symbolic of the challenges afflicting the entire business. Additionally, overdose deaths were commonplace in the Hollywood entertainment sector. In response to Hollywood’s instability, religious leaders have campaigned for censorship in local communities to insulate their people from the city’s purported immorality (McDannell). The Hollywood studios have determined that new legislation is necessary to calm the issue. They worked together to develop the Hays Code’s 36 “Don’ts and Caution” The Hays Code prohibited various practices, including profanity, nudity, narcotics, sex perversion, white slavery, intermarriage, childbirth, child pornography, clergy-related jokes, and national insult. However, there was no feasible way to enforce any of these regulations. Since no serious penalties or fines were created, Hays Code enforcement relied on the good faith of filmmakers. In Hollywood, however, the Hays Code was universally respected (Hansen).

Samuel Beckett, the protagonist of Peter Glenville’s “Beckett,” battles with his religion and existential difficulties, and the reader witnesses him finding peace and guidance in the Catholic faith (1964). In this biography of the Irish author Samuel Beckett, faith, spirituality, and the human condition are all examined. As he struggles with the weight of his convictions and the significance of his life, Beckett’s Catholicism is portrayed as a source of solace and suffering. Throughout the film, Beckett is depicted as experiencing intense spiritual strife. He doubts the existence of God and the purpose of his own life. Beckett’s Catholicism is a vital aspect of his character, and his trust in God eventually gives him the strength and inspiration to continue writing. Beckett regards Catholicism as a source of both consolation and conflict. Hence the film’s representation of the faith is multifaceted.

The Second Vatican Council, which took place between 1962 and 1965, was a watershed moment in the evolution of the Catholic Church. Pope John XXIII held the council to align the Church with modern culture. Among the numerous changes it ushered in was the use of vernacular languages in the liturgy, a re-emphasis on the role of the lay faithful in church activities, and a more open attitude toward interaction with those of other religions and those who do not identify as Christians. In addition, the Church has published additional writings, such as “Lumen Gentium” and “Gaudium et Spes,” that explain the Church’s stance on different social and political concerns. As a result of the Second Vatican Council, ecumenism, the movement to promote unity among Christian churches, also acquired greater emphasis. This was reflected in the Catholic Church’s interactions with other Christian churches and communication with followers of other religions. Pope Paul VI restated the Catholic Church’s opposition to artificial contraception in his 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae. Catholics were overwhelmingly opposed to this viewpoint. This subject has been divisive in the Christian world for a long time.

In the 1993 film, “Schindler’s List” by Steven Spielberg, Catholicism is shown as a source of hope and defiance in the face of the Holocaust’s horrors. This film depicts the Holocaust and the suffering of the Jewish people in Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II in a compelling manner. Itzhak Stern, a prominent character in the film, helps Oskar Schindler save Jewish lives by hiding them in his business. Itzhak is portrayed as extremely motivated to assist the Jewish people, even at considerable personal risk, due to his Catholic beliefs (Galián 66-68). The film portrays Itzhak’s Catholicism as important to his personality and the impetus that pulls him ahead in the face of the Holocaust. In the film, Catholicism is portrayed favorably as a method of resistance and redemption in the face of the Holocaust’s violence and inhumanity.

Between 1930 and 1968, the Hays Code, also known as the Motion Picture Production Code, governed what could and could not be displayed in American films. Will H. Hays, the former president of the MPPDA, was recognized for having the code-named in his honor. The Hays Code prohibited films that contained what were regarded to be harmful or indecent scenes. The code also attempted to foster time-honored moral principles, such as respect for authority and the sacredness of marriage. At its height, the Hays Code restricted several filmmaking techniques deemed indecent or obscene, which significantly affected the films produced at the time. In these films, Catholicism is generally portrayed as a moral compass that enables the characters to make the correct decisions despite facing difficult obstacles. In “On the Waterfront,” the protagonist’s moral awakening is triggered by his Catholic upbringing, whereas in “Beckett,” his Catholic upbringing is both a source of comfort and conflict. In “Schindler’s List,” Catholicism is portrayed as a force of resistance and redemption in the face of the Holocaust. These films exhibit the breadth and depth of cinematic depictions of Catholicism, demonstrating how the faith may serve as a moral compass and a lifeline for those confronted with ethical issues (Malone).

Between 1930 and 1968, the Hays Code, also known as the Motion Picture Production Code, governed what could and could not be displayed in American films. Will H. Hays, the former president of the MPPDA, was recognized for having the code-named in his honor (Asimow 221). The Hays Code prohibited films that contained what were regarded to be harmful or indecent scenes. The code also attempted to foster time-honored moral principles, such as respect for authority and the sacredness of marriage. At its height, the Hays Code restricted several filmmaking techniques deemed indecent or obscene, which significantly affected the films produced at the time. In most of these films, Catholicism is shown as a moral compass that helps the characters make the correct decisions even in difficult situations. In “On the Waterfront,” the protagonist’s moral awakening is triggered by his Catholic upbringing, whereas in “Beckett,” his Catholic upbringing is both a source of comfort and conflict. In “Schindler’s List,” religion, specifically Catholicism, is portrayed as a source of strength and solace for its members during the Holocaust. These films display the breadth and complexity of cinematic depictions of Catholicism, illustrating how the faith may serve as a moral compass and a lifeline in times of distress.

During the most stringent phase of the Hays Code, the regulations had a noticeable effect on the films produced. Numerous filmmakers felt confined by the MPPDA’s code and were driven to exercise creative control over their work to avoid potential legal penalties. Consequently, many films from that period need to be deeper than those produced today. There were, however, a few directors who circumvented the Hays Code to produce entertaining and thought-provoking films. Despite this, breakthrough works of art such as “On the Waterfront” and “Beckett” were written. Films, constrained by the Hays Code and unable to be as daring as before, pushed the boundaries with political commentary, new and exciting settings, and an improved story and script. The MPPDA formed the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) film rating system to replace the Hays Code in 1968. This new structure also granted filmmakers greater freedom of expression, resulting in today’s more nuanced and diverse films.

Works Cited

Asimow, Michael. “Divorce in the Movies: From the Hays Code to Kramer vs. Kramer.” Legal Stud. F. 24 (2000): 221.

Galián, José Díaz-Cuesta. “Man as Rescuer and Monster in Steven Spielberg’s Film Text” Schindler’s List.”” Journal of English Studies 5 (2008): 63-81.

Black, Gregory D. Hollywood Censored: Morality codes, Catholics, and the movies. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Dick, Bernard F. “The Potato Eater Priest: On the Waterfront s Father Barry and His Real-life Counterpart.” American Communist History 9.3 (2010): 235–238.

McDannell, Colleen. “Why the Movies? Why Religion?.” Catholics in the Movies (2008): 3–31.

Hansen, Regina, ed. Roman Catholicism in fantastic film: essays on belief, spectacle, ritual and imagery. McFarland, 2011.

Malone, Peter. “The Roman Catholic Church and Cinema (1967 to the Present).” The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film. Routledge, 2009. 66–85.

Critical infrastructure is one of the essential things to human beings. Their presence may make people easily cope, while their absence may make people’s lives unbearable at different levels. The town of Trillium has a population of about 9,600 with about 2,700 households. The town is at various capacities supported by several critical infrastructures, among them being hospitals and electricity within and around the town.

Hospitals belong to the critical infrastructure of the healthcare sector. The hospital is one of the critical infrastructures. This is because they determine the health conditions of people in a given area. Areas with enough hospitals and medical facilities are likely to have people with good health as they can treat any conditions before they worsen. With hospitals, various emergencies that are always prone to occurrence can easily be managed. For example, these hospitals can easily treat the victims when accidents occur. Healthy people are also considered productive and are likely to lead to economic growth, making it a critical infrastructure. There are various hospitals within Trillium town, with some outside town boundaries.

Electricity is another element of critical infrastructure that belongs to the energy sector. Electricity is considered one of the critical infrastructures since it is required for the operation of various sectors. Almost all sectors require electricity to operate. The transport sector needs it to run the various machines, and the health sector in treating patients, security, and water supply, among many others. The absence of electricity, therefore, has a lot of adverse effects on Trillium town in terms of its economy and the general well-being of the people. This infrastructure is located within and outside the town’s boundaries because of its criticality.

One will likely experience various challenges in developing the critical infrastructure protection program. The first challenge is the difficulty in enhancing collaboration and coordination among the various bodies involved in such protection programs. Many organizations, both private and public institutions both, need to come together and pull their resources for the programs. Leaving these burdens to one or a few organizations is likely to lead to the failure of the programs. Another challenge is the lack of funds to carry out these programs. Most of these programs require a lot of capital to develop and maintain, which the town may lack.

Furthermore, the dynamism in technology is another challenge that affects the development of protection programs. Technology changes daily, which is likely to make it very difficult for the developers and those who maintain the programs to keep up to date with the cyber threats emerging. The public may also fail to accept the steps taken as a protection act since, in some instances, it may affect their privacy. It is also challenging to identify and prioritize the critical assets needed for the functioning of the various activities within the town. This is, therefore, likely to pose a challenge to the developers. In addition, critical infrastructure needs protection, which is done by providing some security measures that may limit its use by the public. When using any critical infrastructure is limited, it may make it ineffective to the public as it may not serve all those in need.

To address these challenges, various tactics can be used. The first tactic in dealing with the collaboration and coordination issue is to ensure information is shared among the various organizations on the various risks that are involved in case a threat occurs. This will encourage various organizations to participate in these protection programs to avoid or mitigate the

effects of these risks. To curb the challenge of funds, there is a need to encourage partnerships between the private and the public sector. When there is a partnership, the sectors can share various resources such as funds and human resources, making protecting the critical infrastructure in the town easier. There is also a need to come up with programs that are flexible enough and adaptable to the dynamism of the technology. This will enable it to stay up to date with the emerging threats in the field of technology. Raising public awareness is essential in dealing with the resistance from the public. When there is awareness, they will understand the importance of dealing with developing these programs, and they will also not see it as a way of disrupting their normal lives but as a way of protecting them. The developers should also involve the public in identifying and prioritizing the various assets that are important in the functioning of the various activities within the town. The challenge of limited use due to security measures can be overcome by educating the users on the best way to use the infrastructure without exposing its vulnerability to those who may harm it.

In conclusion, critical infrastructure is very important to any community, just like in Trillium town. Therefore, programs need to be developed to ensure they are protected from any threats that may affect their effective functioning. This is because some of them interrelate, and the effect of one may lead to an effect on the other sectors.